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  • Format: Print
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case study electronic book

Alan D. MacCormack

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Barnes & Noble: Managing the E-Book Revolution

  • Barnes & Noble: Managing the E-Book Revolution  By: Alan MacCormack, Brian Kimball Dunn and Chris F. Kemerer

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  • © 2008

Digital Government

E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation

  • Hsinchun Chen 0 ,
  • Lawrence Brandt 1 ,
  • Valerie Gregg 2 ,
  • Roland Traunmüller 3 ,
  • Sharon Dawes 4 ,
  • Eduard Hovy 5 ,
  • Ann Macintosh 6 ,
  • Catherine A. Larson 7

University of Arizona, Tucson, USA

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Consultant, Potomac, USA

University of southern california, marina del rey, usa, johannes kepler universität, austria, university at albany/suny, albany, usa, napier university, uk.

Information technology - as it has with so many aspects of our business and everyday lives - is dramatically changing the way government manages data, shares data, plans, provides decision support and delivers services. At the core of all these changes is digital government or e-government. This is the first systematic survey treatment of the area written by those individuals who are at the leading edge of the field

Given the support and interest in digital government initiatives worldwide, this book will fill a vacuum for a survey textbook treatment on the topic that can be used in variety of practical and academic settings in Information Systems, Computer Science, Policy Studies/Political Science and Business

Part of the book series: Integrated Series in Information Systems (ISIS, volume 17)

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Table of contents (32 chapters)

Front matter, foundations of digital government and public policy, foundations of digital government.

  • Stephen Coleman

Discipline or Interdisciplinary Study Domain? Challenges and Promises in Electronic Government Research

  • Hans J. (Jochen) Scholl

An Outline for the Foundations of Digital Government Research

  • Eduard Hovy

Lost In Competition? The State of the Art in E-Government Research

  • Åke Grönlund

E-Democracy and E-Participation Research in Europe

Ann Macintosh

Introduction to Digital Government Research in Public Policy and Management

Sharon Dawes

Privacy in an Electronic Government Context

  • Priscilla M. Regan

Accessibility of Federal Electronic Government

The current state of electronic voting in the united states.

  • Paul S. Herrnson, Richard G. Niemi, Michael J. Hanmer, Benjamin B. Bederson, Frederick G. Conrad, Michael W. Traugott

E-Enabling the Mobile Legislator

  • Angus Whyte

Information Technology Research

History of digital government research in the united states.

  • Lawrence Brandt, Valerie Gregg

Data and Knowledge Integration for e-Government

Ontologies in the legal domain.

  • Tom Van Engers, Alexander Boer, Joost Breuker, André Valente, Radboud Winkels

Public Safety Information Sharing: An Ontological Perspective

  • Siddharth Kaza, Hsinchun Chen

Collaborative Cyberinfrastructure for Transnational Digital Government

  • Maurício Tsugawa, Andréa Matsunaga, José A. B. Fortes

Semantics-Based Threat Structure Mining for Homeland Security

  • Nabil R. Adam, Vandana P. Janeja, Aabhas V. Paliwal, Vijay Atluri, Soon Ae Chun, Jim Cooper et al.

Identity Management for e-Government Services

  • Fabio Fioravanti, Enrico Nardelli

Feature Integration for Geospatial Information: A Review and Outlook

  • Peggy Agouris, Arie Croitoru, Anthony Stefanidis

Geoinformatics of Hotspot Detection and Prioritization for Digital Governance

  • G. P. Patil, Raj Acharya, Amy Glasmeier, Wayne Myers, Shashi Phoha, Stephen Rathbun
  • E-Government
  • IT for government services
  • Service-oriented Computing
  • digital government
  • e-democracy
  • electronic government
  • public policy
  • search engine marketing (SEM)

Hsinchun Chen, Catherine A. Larson

Lawrence Brandt

Valerie Gregg, Eduard Hovy

Roland Traunmüller

Book Title : Digital Government

Book Subtitle : E-Government Research, Case Studies, and Implementation

Editors : Hsinchun Chen, Lawrence Brandt, Valerie Gregg, Roland Traunmüller, Sharon Dawes, Eduard Hovy, Ann Macintosh, … Catherine A. Larson

Series Title : Integrated Series in Information Systems

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-71611-4

Publisher : Springer New York, NY

eBook Packages : Business and Economics , Business and Management (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer-Verlag US 2008

Hardcover ISBN : 978-0-387-71610-7 Published: 10 December 2007

Softcover ISBN : 978-1-4419-4401-6 Published: 23 November 2010

eBook ISBN : 978-0-387-71611-4 Published: 22 November 2007

Series ISSN : 1571-0270

Series E-ISSN : 2197-7968

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : LVIII, 730

Topics : IT in Business , Public Administration , Theory of Computation , e-Commerce/e-business , Political Science , Information Systems and Communication Service

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Electronic Book Collection Development in Italy: a case study

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2009, IFLA journal

Related Papers

The Serials Librarian

Susanne Markgren

case study electronic book

Grace Veach

There are many decisions to consider when acquiring e-books for the small academic library. The article lists some preparatory questions to be settled regarding format, vendor, and type of acquisition, and describes the main purchase models currently being used to acquire e-books. Cataloging issues are also discussed. Smaller academic libraries are often a little bit behind the curve when it comes to implementing new technology, but e-books are no longer really new, and even many of the smallest of the ACL libraries have now ventured into e-book territory. There are numerous decisions to be made when purchasing e-books; this article will attempt to survey some of these considerations to allow for better decision making for local sites. At the same time librarians in Christian institutions are making these decisions, we are working to educate administrators and others about the current state of e-book publishing. As Foote writes, “everyone from journalists to administrators to archit...

Library Hi Tech

Julio Alonso Arévalo , Helena Martín-Rodero , José Antonio Cordón

Purpose – In Spain, recent experiences by publishing houses are related to the new market of electronic books and they will change the current publishing scene in no time. The paper aims to discuss some of them and to give an outlook of future developments in the sector and in the libraries. Design/methodology/approach – In order to develop the current situation of electronic publishing and the research on the initiatives of production and sales of electronic books, the authors used statistical and business sources, as well as bibliographic and reference databases. They assessed the experiences that have been developed in the libraries regarding the lending and use of electronic books, by means of a survey that considers these points. Findings – There are several working experiences with electronic books, mainly through the subscription of collections in university and research libraries. However, the latest innovation is represented by the appearance of initiatives for the production and creation of publishing contents in Spain. The publication of electronic books in Spain has gone from being a mid-term possibility, calmly accepted by the publishing sector, to being an unstoppable reality that has forced the main actors in this field to take their positions and to adopt immediate initiatives. Originality/value – This is the first time that an analysis of the sector of electronic books in Spain and their implications for library and publishing sector is done

Electronic Library, The

Dushu Tangkat

Serials: The Journal for the Serials …

Mercedes Baquero

Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences

Janice Penaflor

In the recent years, libraries are evidently expanding their embrace in adoption of ebooks. This may be attributed to the real and perceived advantages demonstrated by ebooks in terms of accessibility, functionality and cost effectiveness. Increasingly, ebooks form a growing part of the collections in academic libraries as a viable format to support the information needs of their patrons. Some libraries have adopted ebooks on a large scale while others are still tentative in their acquisitions. This study aims to examine the current status of collection build-up of ebooks in different academic libraries in Metro Manila. Specifically, it will look at the extent by which they collect and acquire ebooks as well as the issues being faced by the libraries in their efforts to build their ebook collection. This paper employs a survey method to determine the collection size, selection models, methods of acquisition, budget allocation, collection development policy and other related items. T...

Library Resources & Technical Services

Forrest Link

The Electronic Library

Blanca Bravo

Arjun Kumar

International journal of research in library science

Shyamu Patel

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The Case for Paper: Books vs. E-Readers

Why a good old-fashioned book is better for your mental health..

Posted February 2, 2024 | Reviewed by Monica Vilhauer

  • Research suggests that comprehension is six to eight times better with physical books than e-readers.
  • Physical books help readers absorb and recall content more effectively.
  • Turning pages as we read creates an “index” in the brain, mapping what we read visually to a particular page.
  • Research shows that, despite the prevalence of technology, most people still prefer print books to e-readers.

Screens are replacing paper when it comes to nearly every aspect of communication, but is it good for our mental health? Research proves the countless mental health benefits of reading , but still most people are choosing screen-time over picking up a book when it comes to entertainment.

Even in schools, gone are the days of buying those stretchy book covers for your heavy textbooks; digital modalities of learning are taking precedence, lightening backpacks but burdening young minds with the challenge of staying on-task in a sea of digital distractions. Reading short blurbs on social media as we scroll inhibits not only our attention span, making lengthy books more arduous for our dopamine -addicted brains to digest, but often waters down the language, using more informal, conversational-style writing that offers much less exposure to rich, brain-boosting vocabulary and concepts.

Research suggests that comprehension is six to eight times better with physical books than e-readers (Altamura, L., Vargas, C., & Salmerón, L., 2023). Though many people find they can read faster on a device, the distractions, like social media scrolling, advertisements, and email notifications, often hinder memory retention. Physical books provide an immersive experience, resulting in readers who absorb and recall the content more effectively.

Holding the weight of a book in your hand, turning the pages, and even highlighting your favorite passages are all experienced in the body. In fact, according to researchers, turning pages as we read creates an “index” in the brain, mapping what we read visually to a particular page, (Rothkopf, Ernst Z.,1971). This is part of what allows the brain to retain the information better when read from a physical book.

From the way you position your body when holding a book, to the way your head and eyes adjust to scan the pages as they turn, there are distinct differences in the way our bodies experience reading a good old-fashioned book. “Print books and the substrate of paper lend an obvious physicality to individual texts, while e-books are not tangible volumes and are differently touched, held, carried and navigated,” wrote Mangen, A., and van der Weel, A. in “The evolution of reading in the age of digitisation: an integrative framework for reading research,” (2016, p. 116–124). “The haptic feedback of a touch screen is different from a paper book, and the implications of such interactions warrant empirical investigations. Studies in experimental psychology and neuroscience show that object manipulation provides spatial information which is crucial for building coherent mental representations of the manipulated object.”

In addition to improving comprehension and providing an immersive, embodied experience, reading physical books offers a uniquely social experience that e-readers miss out on. Whether you’re perusing the shelves at the bookstore, coffee in hand, asking your local librarian for recommendations from their collection, or passing along your copy of a favorite book to a friend, interacting with fellow book lovers is one of the aspects of reading that people most enjoy. Downloading books onto your e-reader bypasses these opportunities for connection.

Perhaps what is most salient is the undeniably strong preference most people have for reading printed books. In one study, 92 percent of students reportedly preferred print books over e-books (Baron, N. S., 2015). There’s something special about holding a book in your hand, admiring the cover art, even appreciating the way your bookmark visually advances with time spent turning the pages.

Altamura, L., Vargas, C., & Salmerón, L. (2023). Do New Forms of Reading Pay Off? A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Leisure Digital Reading Habits and Text Comprehension. Review of Educational Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543231216463

Baron, N. S. (2015). Words onscreen: The fate of reading in a digital world. Oxford University Press.

Mangen, A., and van der Weel, A. (2016) The evolution of reading in the age of digitisation: an integrative framework for reading research. Literacy, 50: 116–124. doi: 10.1111/lit.12086 .

Rothkopf, Ernst Z. (1971) Incidental memory for location of information in text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. Volume 10, Issue 6: Pages 608-613. ISSN 0022-5371, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(71)80066-X .

Heather Rose Artushin LISW-CP

Heather Rose Artushin, LISW-CP, is a child and family therapist passionate about the power of reading.

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Engineering LibreTexts

7.3: Case Study- Electronic Waste and Extended Producer Responsibility

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  • Heriberto Cabezas
  • Georgia College and State University via GALILEO Open Learning Materials

Electronic waste, commonly known as e-waste, refers to discarded electronic products such as televisions, computers and computer peripherals (e.g. monitors, keyboards, disk drives, and printers), telephones and cellular phones, audio and video equipment, video cameras, fax and copy machines, video game consoles, and others (see Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).

Screen Shot 2019-04-11 at 11.51.39 PM.png

In the United States, it is estimated that about 3 million tons of e-waste are generated each year. This waste quantity includes approximately 27 million units of televisions, 205 million units of computer products, and 140 million units of cell phones. Less than 15 to 20 percent of the e-waste is recycled or refurbished; the remaining percentage is commonly disposed of in landfills and/or incinerated. It should be noted that e-waste constitutes less than 4 percent of total solid waste generated in the United States. However, with tremendous growth in technological advancements in the electronics industry, many electronic products are becoming obsolete quickly, thus increasing the production of e-waste at a very rapid rate. The quantities of e-waste generated are also increasing rapidly in other countries such as India and China due to high demand for computers and cell phones.

In addition to the growing quantity of e-waste, the hazardous content of e-waste is a major environmental concern and poses risks to the environment if these wastes are improperly managed once they have reached the end of their useful life. Many e-waste components consist of toxic substances, including heavy metals such as lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury as well as organic contaminants, such as flame retardants (polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers). The release of these substances into the environment and subsequent human exposure can lead to serious health and pollution issues. Concerns have also been raised with regards to the release of toxic constituents of e-waste into the environment if landfilling and/or incineration options are used to manage the e-waste.

Various regulatory and voluntary programs have been instituted to promote reuse, recycling and safe disposal of bulk e-waste. Reuse and refurbishing has been promoted to reduce raw material use energy consumption, and water consumption associated with the manufacture of new products. Recycling and recovery of elements such as lead, copper, gold, silver and platinum can yield valuable resources which otherwise may cause pollution if improperly released into the environment. The recycling and recovery operations have to be conducted with extreme care, as the exposure of e-waste components can result in adverse health impacts to the workers performing these operations. For economic reasons, recycled e-waste is often exported to other countries for recovery operations. However, lax regulatory environments in many of these countries can lead to unsafe practices or improper disposal of bulk residual e-waste, which in turn can adversely affect vulnerable populations.

In the United States, there are no specific federal laws dealing with e-waste, but many states have recently developed e-waste regulations that promote environmentally sound management. For example, the State of California passed the Electronic Waste Recycling Act in 2003 to foster recycling, reuse, and environmentally sound disposal of residual bulk e-waste. Yet, in spite of recent regulations and advances in reuse, recycling and proper disposal practices, additional sustainable strategies to manage e-waste are urgently needed.

One sustainable strategy used to manage e-waste is extended producer responsibility (EPR), also known as product stewardship. This concept holds manufacturers liable for the entire life-cycle costs associated with the electronic products, including disposal costs, and encourages the use of environmental-friendly manufacturing processes and products. Manufacturers can pursue EPR in multiple ways, including reuse/refurbishing, buy-back, recycling, and energy production or beneficial reuse applications. Life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost methodologies may be used to compare the environmental impacts of these different waste management options. Incentives or financial support is also provided by some government and/or regulatory agencies to promote EPR. The use of non-toxic and easily recyclable materials in product fabrication is a major component of any EPR strategy. A growing number of companies (e.g. Dell, Sony, HP) are embracing EPR with various initiatives towards achieving sustainable e-waste management.

EPR is a preferred strategy because the manufacturer bears a financial and legal responsibility for their products; hence, they have an incentive to incorporate green design and manufacturing practices that incorporate easily recyclable and less toxic material components while producing electronics with longer product lives. One obvious disadvantage of EPR is the higher manufacturing cost, which leads to increased cost of electronics to consumers.

There is no specific federal law requiring EPR for electronics, but the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) undertook several initiatives to promote EPR to achieve the following goals: (1) foster environmentally conscious design and manufacturing, (2) increase purchasing and use of more environmentally sustainable electronics, and (3) increase safe, environmentally sound reuse and recycling of used electronics. To achieve these goals, USEPA has been engaged in various activities, including the promotion of environmental considerations in product design, the development of evaluation tools for environmental attributes of electronic products, the encouragement of recycling (or e- cycling), and the support of programs to reduce e-waste, among others. More than 20 states in the United States and various organizations worldwide have already developed laws and/or policies requiring EPR in some form when dealing with electronic products. For instance, the New York State Wireless Recycling Act emphasizes that authorized retailers and service providers should be compelled to participate in take-back programs, thus allowing increased recycling and reuse of e-waste. Similarly, Maine is the first U.S. state to adopt a household e-waste law with EPR.

In Illinois, Electronic Products Recycling & Reuse Act requires the electronic manufacturers to participate in the management of discarded and unwanted electronic products from residences. The Illinois EPA has also compiled e-waste collection site locations where the residents can give away their discarded electronic products at no charge. Furthermore, USEPA compiled a list of local programs and manufacturers/retailers that can help consumers to properly donate or recycle e-waste.

Overall, the growing quantities and environmental hazards associated with electronic waste are of major concern to waste management professionals worldwide. Current management strategies, including recycling and refurbishing, have not been successful. As a result, EPR regulations are rapidly evolving throughout the world to promote sustainable management of e-waste. However, neither a consistent framework nor assessment tools to evaluate EPR have been fully developed.

Aircraft IT Operations – May / June 2016

Case study: electronic technical logbook at swiss international airlines, author: marcus di laurenzio, technical project engineer, swiss international airlines, and udo stapf, ceo, crossconsense.

Electronic Technical Logbook at Swiss International Airlines

case study electronic book

Working together from the start can, Marcus Di Laurenzio, Technical Project Engineer, SWISS International Airlines and Udo Stapf, CEO, CrossConsense find, ensure a better and more effective project

case study electronic book

This case study will focus on why and how Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS) selected and implemented the CROSSMOS Electronic Tech Log / Electronic Log Book from CrossConsense, and what were their objectives in doing so. We’ll also look at the challenges encountered during the project and what benefits have flowed from having a paperless flight deck. But first a brief look at the two main protagonists.

SWISS INTERNATIONAL AIR LINES (SWISS) SWISS operates 93 aircraft; 29 long-haul (Airbus 330 and 340 types) and 53 short haul models (Airbus 320 types and Avro RJ100). From the beginning of 2016, the A340s will be replaced with nine Boeing 777 aircraft while from mid-2016, the RJ100 fleet will be replaced with Bombardier CSeries-100 and -300. The airline has two main bases in Zurich and Geneva and, in 2014-5 SWISS flew 16 million passengers to and from 102 destinations in 46 countries.

CROSSCONSENSE The business started in 2002 providing solutions around AMOS (from Swiss-AS). Over the years, CrossConsense has built a product portfolio with hosting services, consulting, BI reporting, Smart Apps… around AMOS and with interfaces to other systems and back-end systems. The company started thinking about a TechLog three or four years ago.

WHAT SWISS NEEDED When SWISS started to look for an electronic log book (ELB) there were a number of requirements that they wanted to meet. The new solution would have to be flexible to work across the fleet on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware but on different devices to enable the airline to use hardware already in place for its EFB (electronic flight bag) and so that they could replace the hardware if need be. There was also the cost factor. SWISS needed a master device in the cockpit with a separate device for the cabin to let them work independently with synchronization achieved using connectivity. One key point was off-line capability so that the system could be run without having a constant connection with a ground server because SWISS currently has no connectivity in flight. Pilots and cabin crew were to be able to report any issue to the system in real time and then, on landing, connectivity would be restored and the on-board system could synchronize the ELB with the MRO system. In the event of no connectivity on the ground, SWISS did not want there to be a delay. The airline considered four different ELBs but found none to match their requirements; so they sought out a developer who could create an ELB that would match the airline’s needs and with whom SWISS could have some input to the development process.

HOW CROSSCONSENSE BECAME INVOLVED In a separate move from this SWISS project but after attending a Flight Ops Conference in London, CrossConsense started to think about what kind of software, Apps and ideas might they be able to develop based on their experience with AMOS and in the aviation industry. The decision to develop an ELB derived from a wish to create their own product for the market, to leverage the considerable experience gained from 42 AMOS installations into developing a really strong product that was both flexible to accommodate different customer requirements and adaptations but was also a standardized solution in line with the many standards and regulations applying in the aviation sector.

The focus was always on the practical relevance of the product and CrossConsense learned from their partners at Swiss Aviation Software whose AMOS product is very practice oriented which was what CrossConsense wanted from their new ELB development. The product was not so much driven by ideas as by a workshop to find a common audience for the development. The workshop was held in Frankfurt and CrossConsense’s existing customers were invited to see the developer’s vision, their thoughts about getting a ‘best of breed’ product, connectivity and open interfaces. The response from the customers at the workshop was that all of that was really nice but to keep it simple and keep it flexible.

In all of this, CrossConsense had not been aware of Swiss International’s interest in acquiring an ELB solution but the workshop brought the two ideas together which helped both parties in starting a development with SWISS as launch customer but with a further 13 airlines who had been at the workshop and who joined CrossConsense in monthly telephone conferences and web conferences to discuss further development in the following months. The idea was to develop a product that would work for those 13 airlines of all sizes and which would then be likely to be suitable for many other airlines.

case study electronic book

SPECIFICATION FOR SWISS INTERNATIONAL As long as thirteen years ago, Swissair (SWISS’s predecessor operator) had launched an electronic Cabin log and ten years of using that meant that SWISS already had a lot of experience in the field by the time the current project was being discussed. However, with a new MRO system and new IT technology in the airline, the old system was no longer state-of-the-art or compatible. Senior management at the airline wanted to make a business case for a new ELB. The requirement, as we’ve already seen above, was for a single paperless solution to serve both the cockpit and the cabin (TechLog, maintenance log, flight log, cabin log) across the whole fleet and for long or short haul flights. It would also need to save time and money. Furthermore, SWISS wanted to achieve an improvement in quality with any new solution, in particular they wanted a commonality of language to ensure that pilots, cabin crew and maintenance all used the same terms to describe an issue. It was a demanding brief and difficult to meet and so SWISS were pleased to be able to work with CrossConsense. SWISS’s management saw the specification as a good concept with which to start the project which had also to fit in with the airline’s overall plan to go paperless across the business; from the cockpit, throughout Operations and in the maintenance area.

Under this global specification were a number of specific objectives. SWISS wanted to reduce manual data inputs by achieving ‘single data entry’ for the new solution. The old paper processes entailed filling forms and passing those on to the relevant department where the information would be entered to the system. In 2012 that included 70,000 log slips. Unfortunately, poor handwriting or forms being completed in awkward places often made it difficult to fully understand what the problem being report was which meant further checking with the source… all this cost time and money. With an electronic log book, there is a database with clear text, all warnings for pilots, fuel information as well as all information needed in the cabin. This all makes the process easy and reduces the time and cost of entailed. It also reduces the space required for archiving while improving data quality and preventing anything entering the system with missing information.

The target was that, if a mechanic worked on an aircraft there would be no need for them to refer to the back office or any part of the ground system in order to understand the job in hand. It would also mean that, when the job is finished, everything required for the process would be complete as part of the sign-off.

CROSSCONSENSE: HELPING AIRLINES TO SAVE MONEY Once discussion for CrossConsense with SWISS got underway, the solutions developer took the airline’s requirements to consider how those needs could be matched and how that compared with CrossConsense’s own visions. One conclusion was that whatever emerged from the development should be a solution that, whoever was using it, pilot, cabin crew or a technician, should find themselves in an environment tailored to their job and that the solution should be self-explanatory, lean and practice oriented – a requirement and a challenge. It was also important that the new solution be able to run on different hardware devices.

At first CrossConsense developed their log book on a Panasonic Toughpad because it was robust, could be operated in any light conditions and any weather conditions. For some airlines the Toughpad was a bit expensive and so there was always the need to have a solution that would be hardware independent. The solution currently will run on any device as long as it’s a Windows-based system: The choice for Windows as the first platform supported was based on the fact that Windows systems offer many connectivity and hardware options, making it easy to integrate with existing soft- and hardware as well as processes. Ensuring data integrity under all circumstances was a main driver for this decision. CrossConsense is currently developing an iOS version.

The solution that CrossConsense developed, CROSSMOS, offers a pilot mode, a cabin mode and a maintenance mode; and it has connectivity within the aircraft where one device in the cabin can talk to the pilot’s device.

The really important message for CrossConsense and other developers in this market is that software is developed with a group of customers; there has to be a practical use case that is practice oriented and widely accepted, only then it will be fit for the whole market.

case study electronic book

CHALLENGES This project faced a number of challenges that the two main partners had to address. First of all, this was to develop and implement a new idea for a full and complex system that had to be sold to airline management who, at the outset were more sensitive to the risks than aware of the benefits. And, of course, any scheme has to get approval from all relevant authorities which, as readers might be aware, is a challenge in itself when there is one project and multiple authorities to satisfy.

Also, there is a need to have a change management plan. New software doesn’t always run fully as intended from the outset which makes it a challenge to win over the people who will have to use it. In this case, the pilots would need to use the new system at the times when they were under maximum pressure, before and immediately after each flight. And people used to simply making a written entry and then closing the book need to be comfortable with the different procedures and steps with an electronic alternative.

There is also an issue around connectivity with SWISS’s legacy Airbus fleet not having any connectivity; there was no server on board such as there is with newer aircraft and so a solution had to be found to create Wi-Fi connectivity between the master device and the cabin device within the aircraft and from the master device out to the ground system using GSM. SWISS undertook research with aircraft in various environments and locations to see how well data could be transferred to ground systems. This was important because, without connectivity, an electronic log book would not be of much use.

There had to be processes and infrastructure installed so that all devices could be charged and, of course, the system had to be secure which meant implementing a log-in process with usernames and passwords.

It was also a challenge for CrossConsense to both ‘keep it simple’ with no extraneous features but ensure that everything that is needed is available and accessible. In a similar sense, SWISS required that the new software be self-explanatory, not needing to be trained. So, a user should be able to see exactly what to do without needing assistance. Finally, CrossConsense wanted to develop a standard solution but with the flexibility to embrace each individual airline’s needs.

ORGANIZING THE PROJECT Fig 1 shows how the project was organized with a Project Lead at the top of the table which is set out at two levels. The group of functions immediately below the Project Lead had, among other things, to steer the project and ensure close co-operation with the authorities. As we’ve already mentioned, getting the authorities onboard is very important when there are so many new processes and technologies involved and, of course, they finally need to approve the new manuals for the system before it can go live. Also at this level, SWISS benefited from inputs from both the solution provider, CrossConsense, and the aircraft OEM, Boeing.

case study electronic book

At the second level, SWISS was careful to involve representatives of the key user groups, people who’d be most affected by the change so that their thoughts and inputs could be taken into account and/or addressed at every stage. This included representatives of the pilots, cabin crew, maintenance engineers and technicians who’d have to work with the new system. There were also representatives from IT to handle issues such as connectivity, security and VPN (virtual private network) links from the master device to the host server. And it was important to involve the ELB administrator who would have to manage the whole thing when it was up and running and who could contribute some of the ‘local’ work.

At both levels, it was very important that SWISS involved key players right from the outset for the good of the project and to ensure that the change management program would be well supported.

GETTING APPROVAL This is, as every reader will know, a pivotal matter for any project and so SWISS and CrossConsense defined a strategy starting at the concept stage when all of the relevant people from the authorities were involved. There was a presentation about the planned project, where it intended to go and what the future would hold, so that, not only were the authorities in the loop but also they had an opportunity to ask questions about areas of their concern (such as back-ups and fail-safe procedures) at the earliest stage which gave SWISS and CrossConsense the opportunity to build requirements in from the outset – a great time and resource saver. What this also did was build trust into the process from the start. At the end of the project, before go-live, the authorities were again invited to learn all about the new system as it had been developed and how it worked in practice; and they had the chance to use a tablet and ‘try’ the system themselves. This all made it easy for the authorities to approve the aircraft logbook procedure manual which was needed for go-live in  early 2016.

GO-LIVE FOR THE NEW SYSTEM SWISS decided to introduce the new system and a new aircraft when the first Boeing 777 was delivered to the airline at the end of January 2016. The operator saw this as a good opportunity to equip the new aircraft with the new electronic log book in the first four weeks of flight training and pilot training to ensure that, through ‘real’ experience, they could be sure that everything worked in practice.

The next step was training starting with the maintenance engineers in classroom training because they have to deal with the most functionality on the software. A handbook was prepared and a movie was created to show the process and how the log book is used. For cabin crew it only needed a bulletin to cover the few ‘click’ functions that concerned them. The cockpit crew were given the information via the Aircraft Logbook Procedure Manual (ALPM), a training module and the Handbook.

As the go-live approached, CrossConsense, in preparing the Release Candidate, increased the frequency of its Sprints (to complete each block of the project) from monthly to biweekly and held regular conference calls with SWISS to iron out any issues that needed closer examination. Also, the project managers on the SWISS side and developers in CrossConsense cooperated closely.

Finally, before the go-live, there were two more things; approval of all the processes, which had been subject to significant changes to accommodate the new system, plus approval of documents and manuals for the new system.

ROLL-OUT OF THE NEW SYSTEM As already mentioned, SWISS started the roll-out with the Boeing 777 at delivery and, as soon as Operations is satisfied, there will be a further roll-out to the rest of the long-haul fleet; the A330 and A340 aircraft, over a three day period as the aircraft are turned around. With the A320 short-haul fleet it will be a bit more difficult and take a little more time as the aircraft are busier; and the same will be true for the Avro fleet. When the Bombardier CS100 aircraft start to be delivered in mid-2016, they will be fitted with the new system as an integrated solution from the start.

The hardware consists of two Microsoft Surface Tablets with the CROSSMOS ELB installed, one in the cockpit, one in the cabin, plus a Mini-Router in every aircraft.

Server penetration tests have already been completed to confirm their security and during the Roll-Out (and afterwards), CrossConsense is available to deal with any bugs that might arise in use. The next plan is to link manuals to CROSSMOS along with a Dent & Buckle chart for the aircraft in question. There will also be continuous improvement of CROSSMOS and integrations of other CrossConsense capabilities (a reliability tool to support predictive maintenance, machine learning tools to further standardize text and RFID components for cabin safety checks) with SWISS having the opportunity to customize the system using the integrated admin tool.

The plan is that the new system should sit at the heart of a well-run airline.

Contributor’s Details

case study electronic book

Marcus Di Laurenzio is the project manager of the SWISS Electronic Log Book project and coordinates all the stakeholders from operational- and technical business units. Marcus started his career as an aircraft Engineer 1988 with SWISSAIR technical department. After having completed his degree as an electronic specialist he worked in several engineering departments and operations (Dragon Air and Gulf Air).

For the last 2 years, Marcus has been working for the projects implementation of an electronic log book of all aircraft types flying in Swiss fleet, setup infrastructure for enabling functions of the Boeing B777 model and as well for the Bombardier CS100/300 models.

case study electronic book

Chief Executive Officer CrossConsense

Udo Stapf is the founder and CEO of CrossConsense, an eLB, server hosting, software support- and solutions provider based in Frankfurt, Germany. Since 1990 he has been working in the aviation industry, starting as an aircraft line and base maintenance engineer and AMOS integration specialist. After he completed his degree as a business economist he worked as a logistics manager for a German charter airline until he founded CrossConsense 2002. For the last 13 years, CrossConsense has become a known name in the aviation industry especially in the fields of AMOS consulting, support, hosting and operation. In 2012 CrossConsense started to develop – in collaboration with 13 of its airline customers –CROSSMOS, an electronic technical logbook.

case study electronic book

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Reproductive rights in America

Research at the heart of a federal case against the abortion pill has been retracted.

Selena Simmons-Duffin

Selena Simmons-Duffin

case study electronic book

The Supreme Court will hear the case against the abortion pill mifepristone on March 26. It's part of a two-drug regimen with misoprostol for abortions in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy. Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images hide caption

The Supreme Court will hear the case against the abortion pill mifepristone on March 26. It's part of a two-drug regimen with misoprostol for abortions in the first 10 weeks of pregnancy.

A scientific paper that raised concerns about the safety of the abortion pill mifepristone was retracted by its publisher this week. The study was cited three times by a federal judge who ruled against mifepristone last spring. That case, which could limit access to mifepristone throughout the country, will soon be heard in the Supreme Court.

The now retracted study used Medicaid claims data to track E.R. visits by patients in the month after having an abortion. The study found a much higher rate of complications than similar studies that have examined abortion safety.

Sage, the publisher of the journal, retracted the study on Monday along with two other papers, explaining in a statement that "expert reviewers found that the studies demonstrate a lack of scientific rigor that invalidates or renders unreliable the authors' conclusions."

It also noted that most of the authors on the paper worked for the Charlotte Lozier Institute, the research arm of anti-abortion lobbying group Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, and that one of the original peer reviewers had also worked for the Lozier Institute.

The Sage journal, Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology , published all three research articles, which are still available online along with the retraction notice. In an email to NPR, a spokesperson for Sage wrote that the process leading to the retractions "was thorough, fair, and careful."

The lead author on the paper, James Studnicki, fiercely defends his work. "Sage is targeting us because we have been successful for a long period of time," he says on a video posted online this week . He asserts that the retraction has "nothing to do with real science and has everything to do with a political assassination of science."

He says that because the study's findings have been cited in legal cases like the one challenging the abortion pill, "we have become visible – people are quoting us. And for that reason, we are dangerous, and for that reason, they want to cancel our work," Studnicki says in the video.

In an email to NPR, a spokesperson for the Charlotte Lozier Institute said that they "will be taking appropriate legal action."

Role in abortion pill legal case

Anti-abortion rights groups, including a group of doctors, sued the federal Food and Drug Administration in 2022 over the approval of mifepristone, which is part of a two-drug regimen used in most medication abortions. The pill has been on the market for over 20 years, and is used in more than half abortions nationally. The FDA stands by its research that finds adverse events from mifepristone are extremely rare.

Judge Matthew Kacsmaryk, the district court judge who initially ruled on the case, pointed to the now-retracted study to support the idea that the anti-abortion rights physicians suing the FDA had the right to do so. "The associations' members have standing because they allege adverse events from chemical abortion drugs can overwhelm the medical system and place 'enormous pressure and stress' on doctors during emergencies and complications," he wrote in his decision, citing Studnicki. He ruled that mifepristone should be pulled from the market nationwide, although his decision never took effect.

case study electronic book

Matthew Kacsmaryk at his confirmation hearing for the federal bench in 2017. AP hide caption

Matthew Kacsmaryk at his confirmation hearing for the federal bench in 2017.

Kacsmaryk is a Trump appointee who was a vocal abortion opponent before becoming a federal judge.

"I don't think he would view the retraction as delegitimizing the research," says Mary Ziegler , a law professor and expert on the legal history of abortion at U.C. Davis. "There's been so much polarization about what the reality of abortion is on the right that I'm not sure how much a retraction would affect his reasoning."

Ziegler also doubts the retractions will alter much in the Supreme Court case, given its conservative majority. "We've already seen, when it comes to abortion, that the court has a propensity to look at the views of experts that support the results it wants," she says. The decision that overturned Roe v. Wade is an example, she says. "The majority [opinion] relied pretty much exclusively on scholars with some ties to pro-life activism and didn't really cite anybody else even or really even acknowledge that there was a majority scholarly position or even that there was meaningful disagreement on the subject."

In the mifepristone case, "there's a lot of supposition and speculation" in the argument about who has standing to sue, she explains. "There's a probability that people will take mifepristone and then there's a probability that they'll get complications and then there's a probability that they'll get treatment in the E.R. and then there's a probability that they'll encounter physicians with certain objections to mifepristone. So the question is, if this [retraction] knocks out one leg of the stool, does that somehow affect how the court is going to view standing? I imagine not."

It's impossible to know who will win the Supreme Court case, but Ziegler thinks that this retraction probably won't sway the outcome either way. "If the court is skeptical of standing because of all these aforementioned weaknesses, this is just more fuel to that fire," she says. "It's not as if this were an airtight case for standing and this was a potentially game-changing development."

Oral arguments for the case, Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA , are scheduled for March 26 at the Supreme Court. A decision is expected by summer. Mifepristone remains available while the legal process continues.

  • Abortion policy
  • abortion pill
  • judge matthew kacsmaryk
  • mifepristone
  • retractions
  • Abortion rights
  • Supreme Court

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Case Study on E-Books

E-books case study:.

An e-book is the electronic version of a book which can be read with the help of the personal computer, laptop, smart phones and special devices aimed for this purpose. E-books are often called e-texts, but there is a certain difference between these two terms. The access towards the e-book can be limited by the author and owner of the book, while the e-text can be easily found in the Internet and the access towards this source is never limited. Due to the existence of great number of e-books the phenomenon of e-library has become quite popular.

These libraries collect all possible e-books in the single database and offer them to the reader interested in these books. The phenomenon of electronic books and libraries has become quite widespread and it is natural paying attention to the level of the development of high technologies.There are already many kinds of pocket devices which enable to read e-books everywhere without the harm for the human eyes (there are special technologies which have reduced the negative impact of the display on the eyesight).There are many advantages and disadvantages of the growing popularity of e-books and the most serious weak sides are: possible negative effect for the human eyes, the limited time of the accumulator of the device, the poor quality of illustrations and the low quantity of the books which have the digital format. Although there are minuses, one can easily find many pluses: the opportunity to read everywhere, the low cost of the book, the opportunity to find the required words and episodes at a moment’s notice and the opportunity to listen to the audio book.

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The rapid development of technologies enabled to produce books in electronic versions and the major factors of this decision was the idea to save the environment (trees from deforestation) and to create the book which would not be spoilt during the years of usage (with the run of time the material paper books are spoilt). The student is able to prepare a quality case study and observe the effectiveness of electronic books on the definite example. The problem of the case always has the cause and the consequences and the student has to evaluate this information professionally and solve it well.It is not a secret that every student needs help with writing, so a free example case study on e-book can be effective advisor for the inexperienced young people. With the assistance of a free sample case study on e-book one is able to learn about the aspects and principles of the professional writing, formatting and composition of the text and the right research of the problem.

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College of Nursing

Driving change: a case study of a dnp leader in residence program in a gerontological center of excellence.

View as pdf A later version of this article appeared in Nurse Leader , Volume 21, Issue 6 , December 2023 . 

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) published the Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Practice Nursing in 2004 identifying the essential curriculum needed for preparing advanced practice nurse leaders to effectively assess organizations, identify systemic issues, and facilitate organizational changes. 1 In 2021, AACN updated the curriculum by issuing The Essentials: Core Competencies for Professional Nursing Education to guide the development of competency-based education for nursing students. 1 In addition to AACN’s competency-based approach to curriculum, in 2015 the American Organization of Nurse Leaders (AONL) released Nurse Leader Core Competencies (updated in 2023) to help provide a competency based model to follow in developing nurse leaders. 2

Despite AACN and AONL competency-based curriculum and model, it is still common for nurse leaders to be promoted to management positions based solely on their work experience or exceptional clinical skills, rather than demonstration of management and leadership competencies. 3 The importance of identifying, training, and assessing executive leaders through formal leadership development programs, within supportive organizational cultures has been discussed by national leaders. As well as the need for nurturing emerging leaders through fostering interprofessional collaboration, mentorship, and continuous development of leadership skills has been identified. 4 As Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) nurse leaders assume executive roles within healthcare organizations, they play a vital role within complex systems. Demonstration of leadership competence and participation in formal leadership development programs has become imperative for their success. However, models of competency-based executive leadership development programs can be hard to find, particularly programs outside of health care systems.

The implementation of a DNP Leader in Residence program, such as the one designed for The Barbara and Richard Csomay Center for Gerontological Excellence, addresses many of the challenges facing new DNP leaders and ensures mastery of executive leadership competencies and readiness to practice through exposure to varied experiences and close mentoring. The Csomay Center , based at The University of Iowa, was established in 2000 as one of the five original Hartford Centers of Geriatric Nursing Excellence in the country. Later funding by the Csomay family established an endowment that supports the Center's ongoing work. The current Csomay Center strategic plan and mission aims to develop future healthcare leaders while promoting optimal aging and quality of life for older adults. The Csomay Center Director created the innovative DNP Leader in Residence program to foster the growth of future nurse leaders in non-healthcare systems. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study of the development and implementation of the Leader in Residence program, followed by suggested evaluation strategies, and discussion of future innovation of leadership opportunities in non-traditional health care settings.

Development of the DNP Leader in Residence Program

The Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycle has garnered substantial recognition as a valuable tool for fostering development and driving improvement initiatives. 5 The PDSA cycle can function as an independent methodology and as an integral component of broader quality enhancement approaches with notable efficacy in its ability to facilitate the rapid creation, testing, and evaluation of transformative interventions within healthcare. 6 Consequently, the PDSA cycle model was deemed fitting to guide the development and implementation of the DNP Leader in Residence Program at the Csomay Center.

PDSA Cycle: Plan

Existing resources. The DNP Health Systems: Administration/Executive Leadership Program offered by the University of Iowa is comprised of comprehensive nursing administration and leadership curriculum, led by distinguished faculty composed of national leaders in the realms of innovation, health policy, leadership, clinical education, and evidence-based practice. The curriculum is designed to cultivate the next generation of nursing executive leaders, with emphasis on personalized career planning and tailored practicum placements. The DNP Health Systems: Administration/Executive Leadership curriculum includes a range of courses focused on leadership and management with diverse topics such as policy an law, infrastructure and informatics, finance and economics, marketing and communication, quality and safety, evidence-based practice, and social determinants of health. The curriculum is complemented by an extensive practicum component and culminates in a DNP project with additional hours of practicum.

New program. The DNP Leader in Residence program at the Csomay Center is designed to encompass communication and relationship building, systems thinking, change management, transformation and innovation, knowledge of clinical principles in the community, professionalism, and business skills including financial, strategic, and human resource management. The program fully immerses students in the objectives of the DNP Health Systems: Administration/Executive Leadership curriculum and enables them to progressively demonstrate competencies outlined by AONL. The Leader in Residence program also includes career development coaching, reflective practice, and personal and professional accountability. The program is integrated throughout the entire duration of the Leader in Residence’s coursework, fulfilling the required practicum hours for both the DNP coursework and DNP project.

The DNP Leader in Residence program begins with the first semester of practicum being focused on completing an onboarding process to the Center including understanding the center's strategic plan, mission, vision, and history. Onboarding for the Leader in Residence provides access to all relevant Center information and resources and integration into the leadership team, community partnerships, and other University of Iowa College of Nursing Centers associated with the Csomay Center. During this first semester, observation and identification of the Csomay Center Director's various roles including being a leader, manager, innovator, socializer, and mentor is facilitated. In collaboration with the Center Director (a faculty position) and Center Coordinator (a staff position), specific competencies to be measured and mastered along with learning opportunities desired throughout the program are established to ensure a well-planned and thorough immersion experience.

Following the initial semester of practicum, the Leader in Residence has weekly check-ins with the Center Director and Center Coordinator to continue to identify learning opportunities and progression through executive leadership competencies to enrich the experience. The Leader in Residence also undertakes an administrative project for the Center this semester, while concurrently continuing observations of the Center Director's activities in local, regional, and national executive leadership settings. The student has ongoing participation and advancement in executive leadership roles and activities throughout the practicum, creating a well-prepared future nurse executive leader.

After completing practicum hours related to the Health Systems: Administration/Executive Leadership coursework, the Leader in Residence engages in dedicated residency hours to continue to experience domains within nursing leadership competencies like communication, professionalism, and relationship building. During residency hours, time is spent with the completion of a small quality improvement project for the Csomay Center, along with any other administrative projects identified by the Center Director and Center Coordinator. The Leader in Residence is fully integrated into the Csomay Center's Leadership Team during this phase, assisting the Center Coordinator in creating agendas and leading meetings. Additional participation includes active involvement in community engagement activities and presenting at or attending a national conference as a representative of the Csomay Center. The Leader in Residence must mentor a master’s in nursing student during the final year of the DNP Residency.

Implementation of the DNP Leader in Residence Program

PDSA Cycle: Do

Immersive experience. In this case study, the DNP Leader in Residence was fully immersed in a wide range of center activities, providing valuable opportunities to engage in administrative projects and observe executive leadership roles and skills during practicum hours spent at the Csomay Center. Throughout the program, the Leader in Residence observed and learned from multidisciplinary leaders at the national, regional, and university levels who engaged with the Center. By shadowing the Csomay Center Director, the Leader in Residence had the opportunity to observe executive leadership objectives such as fostering innovation, facilitating multidisciplinary collaboration, and nurturing meaningful relationships. The immersive experience within the center’s activities also allowed the Leader in Residence to gain a deep understanding of crucial facets such as philanthropy and community engagement. Active involvement in administrative processes such as strategic planning, budgeting, human resources management, and the development of standard operating procedures provided valuable exposure to strategies that are needed to be an effective nurse leader in the future.

Active participation. The DNP Leader in Residence also played a key role in advancing specific actions outlined in the center's strategic plan during the program including: 1) the creation of a membership structure for the Csomay Center and 2) successfully completing a state Board of Regents application for official recognition as a distinguished center. The Csomay Center sponsored membership for the Leader in Residence in the Midwest Nurse Research Society (MNRS), which opened doors to attend the annual MNRS conference and engage with regional nursing leadership, while fostering socialization, promotion of the Csomay Center and Leader in Residence program, and observation of current nursing research. Furthermore, the Leader in Residence participated in the strategic planning committee and engagement subcommittee for MNRS, collaborating directly with the MNRS president. Additional active participation by the Leader in Residence included attendance in planning sessions and completion of the annual report for GeriatricPain.org , an initiative falling under the umbrella of the Csomay Center. Finally, the Leader in Residence was involved in archiving research and curriculum for distinguished nursing leader and researcher, Dr. Kitty Buckwalter, for the Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging, the University of Pennsylvania Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, and the University of Iowa library archives.

Suggested Evaluation Strategies of the DNP Leader in Residence Program

PDSA Cycle: Study

Assessment and benchmarking. To effectively assess the outcomes and success of the DNP Leader in Residence Program, a comprehensive evaluation framework should be used throughout the program. Key measures should include the collection and review of executive leadership opportunities experienced, leadership roles observed, and competencies mastered. The Leader in Residence is responsible for maintaining detailed logs of their participation in center activities and initiatives on a semester basis. These logs serve to track the progression of mastery of AONL competencies by benchmarking activities and identifying areas for future growth for the Leader in Residence.

Evaluation. In addition to assessment and benchmarking, evaluations need to be completed by Csomay Center stakeholders (leadership, staff, and community partners involved) and the individual Leader in Residence both during and upon completion of the program. Feedback from stakeholders will identify the contributions made by the Leader in Residence and provide valuable insights into their growth. Self-reflection on experiences by the individual Leader in Residence throughout the program will serve as an important measure of personal successes and identify gaps in the program. Factors such as career advancement during the program, application of curriculum objectives in the workplace, and prospects for future career progression for the Leader in Residence should be considered as additional indicators of the success of the program.

The evaluation should also encompass a thorough review of the opportunities experienced during the residency, with the aim of identifying areas for potential expansion and enrichment of the DNP Leader in Residence program. By carefully examining the logs, reflecting on the acquired executive leadership competencies, and studying stakeholder evaluations, additional experiences and opportunities can be identified to further enhance the program's efficacy. The evaluation process should be utilized to identify specific executive leadership competencies that require further immersion and exploration throughout the program.

Future Innovation of DNP Leader in Residence Programs in Non-traditional Healthcare Settings

PDSA Cycle: Act

As subsequent residents complete the program and their experiences are thoroughly evaluated, it is essential to identify new opportunities for DNP Leader in Residence programs to be implemented in other non-health care system settings. When feasible, expansion into clinical healthcare settings, including long-term care and acute care environments, should be pursued. By leveraging the insights gained from previous Leaders in Residence and their respective experiences, the program can be refined to better align with desired outcomes and competencies. These expansions will broaden the scope and impact of the program and provide a wider array of experiences and challenges for future Leaders in Residency to navigate, enriching their development as dynamic nurse executive leaders within diverse healthcare landscapes.

This case study presented a comprehensive overview of the development and implementation of the DNP Leader in Residence program developed by the Barbara and Richard Csomay Center for Gerontological Excellence. The Leader in Residence program provided a transformative experience by integrating key curriculum objectives, competency-based learning, and mentorship by esteemed nursing leaders and researchers through successful integration into the Center. With ongoing innovation and application of the PDSA cycle, the DNP Leader in Residence program presented in this case study holds immense potential to help better prepare 21 st century nurse leaders capable of driving positive change within complex healthcare systems.

Acknowledgements

         The author would like to express gratitude to the Barbara and Richard Csomay Center for Gerontological Excellence for the fostering environment to provide an immersion experience and the ongoing support for development of the DNP Leader in Residence program. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

  • American Association of Colleges of Nursing. The essentials: core competencies for professional nursing education. https://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/AcademicNursing/pdf/Essentials-2021.pdf . Accessed June 26, 2023.
  • American Organization for Nursing Leadership. Nurse leader core competencies. https://www.aonl.org/resources/nurse-leader-competencies . Accessed July 10, 2023.
  • Warshawsky, N, Cramer, E. Describing nurse manager role preparation and competency: findings from a national study. J Nurs Adm . 2019;49(5):249-255. DOI:  10.1097/NNA.0000000000000746
  • Van Diggel, C, Burgess, A, Roberts, C, Mellis, C. Leadership in healthcare education. BMC Med. Educ . 2020;20(465). doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02288-x
  • Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Plan-do-study-act (PDSA) worksheet. https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Tools/PlanDoStudyActWorksheet.aspx . Accessed July 4, 2023.
  • Taylor, M, McNicolas, C, Nicolay, C, Darzi, A, Bell, D, Reed, J. Systemic review of the application of the plan-do-study-act method to improve quality in healthcare. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2014:23:290-298. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002703

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Fake and Explicit Images of Taylor Swift Started on 4chan, Study Says

The people on 4chan who created the images of Ms. Swift thought of it as a sort of game, the researchers said.

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Taylor Swift, wearing a white knit cap and a red jacket with the number 87 in white.

By Tiffany Hsu

Images of Taylor Swift that had been generated by artificial intelligence and had spread widely across social media in late January probably originated as part of a recurring challenge on one of the internet’s most notorious message boards , according to a new report.

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Open this article in the New York Times Audio app on iOS.

Graphika, a research firm that studies disinformation, traced the images back to one community on 4chan, a message board known for sharing hate speech, conspiracy theories and, increasingly, racist and offensive content created using A.I.

The people on 4chan who created the images of the singer did so in a sort of game, the researchers said — a test to see whether they could create lewd (and sometimes violent) images of famous female figures.

The synthetic Swift images spilled out onto other platforms and were viewed millions of times . Fans rallied to Ms. Swift’s defense, and lawmakers demanded stronger protections against A.I.-created images.

Graphika found a thread of messages on 4chan that encouraged people to try to evade safeguards set up by image generator tools, including OpenAI’s DALL-E, Microsoft Designer and Bing Image Creator. Users were instructed to share “tips and tricks to find new ways to bypass filters” and were told, “Good luck, be creative.”

Sharing unsavory content via games allows people to feel connected to a wider community, and they are motivated by the cachet they receive for participating, experts said. Ahead of the midterm elections in 2022, groups on platforms like Telegram, WhatsApp and Truth Social engaged in a hunt for election fraud, winning points or honorary titles for producing supposed evidence of voter malfeasance. (True proof of ballot fraud is exceptionally rare .)

In the 4chan thread that led to the fake images of Ms. Swift, several users received compliments — “beautiful gen anon,” one wrote — and were asked to share the prompt language used to create the images. One user lamented that a prompt produced an image of a celebrity who was clad in a swimsuit rather than nude.

Rules posted by 4chan that apply sitewide do not specifically prohibit sexually explicit A.I.-generated images of real adults.

“These images originated from a community of people motivated by the ‘challenge’ of circumventing the safeguards of generative A.I. products, and new restrictions are seen as just another obstacle to ‘defeat,’” Cristina López G., a senior analyst at Graphika, said in a statement. “It’s important to understand the gamified nature of this malicious activity in order to prevent further abuse at the source.”

Ms. Swift is “far from the only victim,” Ms. López G. said. In the 4chan community that manipulated her likeness, many actresses, singers and politicians were featured more frequently than Ms. Swift.

OpenAI said in a statement that the explicit images of Ms. Swift were not generated using its tools, noting that it filters out the most explicit content when training its DALL-E model. The company also said it uses other safety guardrails, such as denying requests that ask for a public figure by name or seek explicit content.

Microsoft said that it was “continuing to investigate these images” and added that it had “strengthened our existing safety systems to further prevent our services from being misused to help generate images like them.” The company prohibits users from using its tools to create adult or intimate content without consent and warns repeat offenders that they may be blocked.

Fake pornography generated with software has been a blight since at least 2017, affecting unwilling celebrities , government figures , Twitch streamers , students and others. Patchy regulation leaves few victims with legal recourse; even fewer have a devoted fan base to drown out fake images with coordinated “Protect Taylor Swift” posts.

After the fake images of Ms. Swift went viral, Karine Jean-Pierre, the White House press secretary, called the situation “alarming” and said lax enforcement by social media companies of their own rules disproportionately affected women and girls. She said the Justice Department had recently funded the first national helpline for people targeted by image-based sexual abuse, which the department described as meeting a “rising need for services” related to the distribution of intimate images without consent. SAG-AFTRA , the union representing tens of thousands of actors, called the fake images of Ms. Swift and others a “theft of their privacy and right to autonomy.”

Artificially generated versions of Ms. Swift have also been used to promote scams involving Le Creuset cookware . A.I. was used to impersonate President Biden’s voice in robocalls dissuading voters from participating in the New Hampshire primary election. Tech experts say that as A.I. tools become more accessible and easier to use, audio spoofs and videos with realistic avatars could be created in mere minutes.

Researchers said the first sexually explicit A.I. image of Ms. Swift on the 4chan thread appeared on Jan. 6, 11 days before they were said to have appeared on Telegram and 12 days before they emerged on X. 404 Media reported on Jan. 25 that the viral Swift images had jumped into mainstream social media platforms from 4chan and a Telegram group dedicated to abusive images of women. The British news organization Daily Mail reported that week that a website known for sharing sexualized images of celebrities posted the Swift images on Jan. 15.

For several days, X blocked searches for Taylor Swift “with an abundance of caution so we can make sure that we were cleaning up and removing all imagery,” said Joe Benarroch, the company’s head of business operations.

Audio produced by Tally Abecassis .

Tiffany Hsu reports on misinformation and disinformation and its origins, movement and consequences. She has been a journalist for more than two decades. More about Tiffany Hsu

Explore Our Coverage of Artificial Intelligence

News  and Analysis

OpenAI announced that it was releasing a new version of ChatGPT that would remember all prior conversations with users  so it could use that information in future chats. The start-up also unveiled technology that creates videos that look like they were lifted from a Hollywood movie .

The F.T.C. outlawed unwanted robocalls generated by A.I. , amid growing concerns over election disinformation and consumer fraud facilitated by the technology.

Google has released Gemini, a smartphone app that behaves like a talking digital assistant as well as a conversational chatbot .

The Age of A.I.

A year ago, a rogue A.I. tried to break up our columnist’s marriage. Did the backlash that ensued help make chatbots too boring? Here’s how we tame d the chatbots.

Amid an intractable real estate crisis, fake luxury houses offer a delusion of one’s own. Here’s how A.I. is remodeling the fantasy home .

New technology has made it easier to insert digital, realistic-looking versions of soda cans and shampoo on videos on social media. A growing group of creators and advertisers is jumping at the chance for an additional revenue stream .

A start-up called Perplexity shows what’s possible for a search engine built from scratch with A.I. Are the days of turning to Google for answers numbered ?

Chafing at their dependence on the chipmaker Nvidia, Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft are racing to build A.I. chips of their own .

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