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Exploratory Research | Definition, Guide, & Examples

Published on December 6, 2021 by Tegan George . Revised on November 20, 2023.

Exploratory research is a methodology approach that investigates research questions that have not previously been studied in depth.

Exploratory research is often qualitative and primary in nature. However, a study with a large sample conducted in an exploratory manner can be quantitative as well. It is also often referred to as interpretive research or a grounded theory approach due to its flexible and open-ended nature.

Table of contents

When to use exploratory research, exploratory research questions, exploratory research data collection, step-by-step example of exploratory research, exploratory vs. explanatory research, advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about exploratory research.

Exploratory research is often used when the issue you’re studying is new or when the data collection process is challenging for some reason.

You can use this type of research if you have a general idea or a specific question that you want to study but there is no preexisting knowledge or paradigm with which to study it.

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Exploratory research questions are designed to help you understand more about a particular topic of interest. They can help you connect ideas to understand the groundwork of your analysis without adding any preconceived notions or assumptions yet.

Here are some examples:

  • What effect does using a digital notebook have on the attention span of middle schoolers?
  • What factors influence mental health in undergraduates?
  • What outcomes are associated with an authoritative parenting style?
  • In what ways does the presence of a non-native accent affect intelligibility?
  • How can the use of a grocery delivery service reduce food waste in single-person households?

Collecting information on a previously unexplored topic can be challenging. Exploratory research can help you narrow down your topic and formulate a clear hypothesis and problem statement , as well as giving you the “lay of the land” on your topic.

Data collection using exploratory research is often divided into primary and secondary research methods, with data analysis following the same model.

Primary research

In primary research, your data is collected directly from primary sources : your participants. There is a variety of ways to collect primary data.

Some examples include:

  • Survey methodology: Sending a survey out to the student body asking them if they would eat vegan meals
  • Focus groups: Compiling groups of 8–10 students and discussing what they think of vegan options for dining hall food
  • Interviews: Interviewing students entering and exiting the dining hall, asking if they would eat vegan meals

Secondary research

In secondary research, your data is collected from preexisting primary research, such as experiments or surveys.

Some other examples include:

  • Case studies : Health of an all-vegan diet
  • Literature reviews : Preexisting research about students’ eating habits and how they have changed over time
  • Online polls, surveys, blog posts, or interviews; social media: Have other schools done something similar?

For some subjects, it’s possible to use large- n government data, such as the decennial census or yearly American Community Survey (ACS) open-source data.

How you proceed with your exploratory research design depends on the research method you choose to collect your data. In most cases, you will follow five steps.

We’ll walk you through the steps using the following example.

Therefore, you would like to focus on improving intelligibility instead of reducing the learner’s accent.

Step 1: Identify your problem

The first step in conducting exploratory research is identifying what the problem is and whether this type of research is the right avenue for you to pursue. Remember that exploratory research is most advantageous when you are investigating a previously unexplored problem.

Step 2: Hypothesize a solution

The next step is to come up with a solution to the problem you’re investigating. Formulate a hypothetical statement to guide your research.

Step 3. Design your methodology

Next, conceptualize your data collection and data analysis methods and write them up in a research design.

Step 4: Collect and analyze data

Next, you proceed with collecting and analyzing your data so you can determine whether your preliminary results are in line with your hypothesis.

In most types of research, you should formulate your hypotheses a priori and refrain from changing them due to the increased risk of Type I errors and data integrity issues. However, in exploratory research, you are allowed to change your hypothesis based on your findings, since you are exploring a previously unexplained phenomenon that could have many explanations.

Step 5: Avenues for future research

Decide if you would like to continue studying your topic. If so, it is likely that you will need to change to another type of research. As exploratory research is often qualitative in nature, you may need to conduct quantitative research with a larger sample size to achieve more generalizable results.

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It can be easy to confuse exploratory research with explanatory research. To understand the relationship, it can help to remember that exploratory research lays the groundwork for later explanatory research.

Exploratory research investigates research questions that have not been studied in depth. The preliminary results often lay the groundwork for future analysis.

Explanatory research questions tend to start with “why” or “how”, and the goal is to explain why or how a previously studied phenomenon takes place.

Exploratory vs explanatory research

Like any other research design , exploratory studies have their trade-offs: they provide a unique set of benefits but also come with downsides.

  • It can be very helpful in narrowing down a challenging or nebulous problem that has not been previously studied.
  • It can serve as a great guide for future research, whether your own or another researcher’s. With new and challenging research problems, adding to the body of research in the early stages can be very fulfilling.
  • It is very flexible, cost-effective, and open-ended. You are free to proceed however you think is best.

Disadvantages

  • It usually lacks conclusive results, and results can be biased or subjective due to a lack of preexisting knowledge on your topic.
  • It’s typically not externally valid and generalizable, and it suffers from many of the challenges of qualitative research .
  • Since you are not operating within an existing research paradigm, this type of research can be very labor-intensive.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  • Normal distribution
  • Degrees of freedom
  • Null hypothesis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Control groups
  • Mixed methods research
  • Non-probability sampling
  • Quantitative research
  • Ecological validity

Research bias

  • Rosenthal effect
  • Implicit bias
  • Cognitive bias
  • Selection bias
  • Negativity bias
  • Status quo bias

Exploratory research is a methodology approach that explores research questions that have not previously been studied in depth. It is often used when the issue you’re studying is new, or the data collection process is challenging in some way.

Exploratory research aims to explore the main aspects of an under-researched problem, while explanatory research aims to explain the causes and consequences of a well-defined problem.

You can use exploratory research if you have a general idea or a specific question that you want to study but there is no preexisting knowledge or paradigm with which to study it.

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

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Research Method

Home » Case Study – Methods, Examples and Guide

Case Study – Methods, Examples and Guide

Table of Contents

Case Study Research

A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination and analysis of a particular phenomenon or case, such as an individual, organization, community, event, or situation.

It is a qualitative research approach that aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the case being studied. Case studies typically involve multiple sources of data, including interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts, which are analyzed using various techniques, such as content analysis, thematic analysis, and grounded theory. The findings of a case study are often used to develop theories, inform policy or practice, or generate new research questions.

Types of Case Study

Types and Methods of Case Study are as follows:

Single-Case Study

A single-case study is an in-depth analysis of a single case. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to understand a specific phenomenon in detail.

For Example , A researcher might conduct a single-case study on a particular individual to understand their experiences with a particular health condition or a specific organization to explore their management practices. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of a single-case study are often used to generate new research questions, develop theories, or inform policy or practice.

Multiple-Case Study

A multiple-case study involves the analysis of several cases that are similar in nature. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to identify similarities and differences between the cases.

For Example, a researcher might conduct a multiple-case study on several companies to explore the factors that contribute to their success or failure. The researcher collects data from each case, compares and contrasts the findings, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as comparative analysis or pattern-matching. The findings of a multiple-case study can be used to develop theories, inform policy or practice, or generate new research questions.

Exploratory Case Study

An exploratory case study is used to explore a new or understudied phenomenon. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to generate hypotheses or theories about the phenomenon.

For Example, a researcher might conduct an exploratory case study on a new technology to understand its potential impact on society. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as grounded theory or content analysis. The findings of an exploratory case study can be used to generate new research questions, develop theories, or inform policy or practice.

Descriptive Case Study

A descriptive case study is used to describe a particular phenomenon in detail. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to provide a comprehensive account of the phenomenon.

For Example, a researcher might conduct a descriptive case study on a particular community to understand its social and economic characteristics. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of a descriptive case study can be used to inform policy or practice or generate new research questions.

Instrumental Case Study

An instrumental case study is used to understand a particular phenomenon that is instrumental in achieving a particular goal. This type of case study is useful when the researcher wants to understand the role of the phenomenon in achieving the goal.

For Example, a researcher might conduct an instrumental case study on a particular policy to understand its impact on achieving a particular goal, such as reducing poverty. The researcher collects data from multiple sources, such as interviews, observations, and documents, and uses various techniques to analyze the data, such as content analysis or thematic analysis. The findings of an instrumental case study can be used to inform policy or practice or generate new research questions.

Case Study Data Collection Methods

Here are some common data collection methods for case studies:

Interviews involve asking questions to individuals who have knowledge or experience relevant to the case study. Interviews can be structured (where the same questions are asked to all participants) or unstructured (where the interviewer follows up on the responses with further questions). Interviews can be conducted in person, over the phone, or through video conferencing.

Observations

Observations involve watching and recording the behavior and activities of individuals or groups relevant to the case study. Observations can be participant (where the researcher actively participates in the activities) or non-participant (where the researcher observes from a distance). Observations can be recorded using notes, audio or video recordings, or photographs.

Documents can be used as a source of information for case studies. Documents can include reports, memos, emails, letters, and other written materials related to the case study. Documents can be collected from the case study participants or from public sources.

Surveys involve asking a set of questions to a sample of individuals relevant to the case study. Surveys can be administered in person, over the phone, through mail or email, or online. Surveys can be used to gather information on attitudes, opinions, or behaviors related to the case study.

Artifacts are physical objects relevant to the case study. Artifacts can include tools, equipment, products, or other objects that provide insights into the case study phenomenon.

How to conduct Case Study Research

Conducting a case study research involves several steps that need to be followed to ensure the quality and rigor of the study. Here are the steps to conduct case study research:

  • Define the research questions: The first step in conducting a case study research is to define the research questions. The research questions should be specific, measurable, and relevant to the case study phenomenon under investigation.
  • Select the case: The next step is to select the case or cases to be studied. The case should be relevant to the research questions and should provide rich and diverse data that can be used to answer the research questions.
  • Collect data: Data can be collected using various methods, such as interviews, observations, documents, surveys, and artifacts. The data collection method should be selected based on the research questions and the nature of the case study phenomenon.
  • Analyze the data: The data collected from the case study should be analyzed using various techniques, such as content analysis, thematic analysis, or grounded theory. The analysis should be guided by the research questions and should aim to provide insights and conclusions relevant to the research questions.
  • Draw conclusions: The conclusions drawn from the case study should be based on the data analysis and should be relevant to the research questions. The conclusions should be supported by evidence and should be clearly stated.
  • Validate the findings: The findings of the case study should be validated by reviewing the data and the analysis with participants or other experts in the field. This helps to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings.
  • Write the report: The final step is to write the report of the case study research. The report should provide a clear description of the case study phenomenon, the research questions, the data collection methods, the data analysis, the findings, and the conclusions. The report should be written in a clear and concise manner and should follow the guidelines for academic writing.

Examples of Case Study

Here are some examples of case study research:

  • The Hawthorne Studies : Conducted between 1924 and 1932, the Hawthorne Studies were a series of case studies conducted by Elton Mayo and his colleagues to examine the impact of work environment on employee productivity. The studies were conducted at the Hawthorne Works plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago and included interviews, observations, and experiments.
  • The Stanford Prison Experiment: Conducted in 1971, the Stanford Prison Experiment was a case study conducted by Philip Zimbardo to examine the psychological effects of power and authority. The study involved simulating a prison environment and assigning participants to the role of guards or prisoners. The study was controversial due to the ethical issues it raised.
  • The Challenger Disaster: The Challenger Disaster was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the Space Shuttle Challenger explosion in 1986. The study included interviews, observations, and analysis of data to identify the technical, organizational, and cultural factors that contributed to the disaster.
  • The Enron Scandal: The Enron Scandal was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the Enron Corporation’s bankruptcy in 2001. The study included interviews, analysis of financial data, and review of documents to identify the accounting practices, corporate culture, and ethical issues that led to the company’s downfall.
  • The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster : The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster was a case study conducted to examine the causes of the nuclear accident that occurred at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Japan in 2011. The study included interviews, analysis of data, and review of documents to identify the technical, organizational, and cultural factors that contributed to the disaster.

Application of Case Study

Case studies have a wide range of applications across various fields and industries. Here are some examples:

Business and Management

Case studies are widely used in business and management to examine real-life situations and develop problem-solving skills. Case studies can help students and professionals to develop a deep understanding of business concepts, theories, and best practices.

Case studies are used in healthcare to examine patient care, treatment options, and outcomes. Case studies can help healthcare professionals to develop critical thinking skills, diagnose complex medical conditions, and develop effective treatment plans.

Case studies are used in education to examine teaching and learning practices. Case studies can help educators to develop effective teaching strategies, evaluate student progress, and identify areas for improvement.

Social Sciences

Case studies are widely used in social sciences to examine human behavior, social phenomena, and cultural practices. Case studies can help researchers to develop theories, test hypotheses, and gain insights into complex social issues.

Law and Ethics

Case studies are used in law and ethics to examine legal and ethical dilemmas. Case studies can help lawyers, policymakers, and ethical professionals to develop critical thinking skills, analyze complex cases, and make informed decisions.

Purpose of Case Study

The purpose of a case study is to provide a detailed analysis of a specific phenomenon, issue, or problem in its real-life context. A case study is a qualitative research method that involves the in-depth exploration and analysis of a particular case, which can be an individual, group, organization, event, or community.

The primary purpose of a case study is to generate a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the case, including its history, context, and dynamics. Case studies can help researchers to identify and examine the underlying factors, processes, and mechanisms that contribute to the case and its outcomes. This can help to develop a more accurate and detailed understanding of the case, which can inform future research, practice, or policy.

Case studies can also serve other purposes, including:

  • Illustrating a theory or concept: Case studies can be used to illustrate and explain theoretical concepts and frameworks, providing concrete examples of how they can be applied in real-life situations.
  • Developing hypotheses: Case studies can help to generate hypotheses about the causal relationships between different factors and outcomes, which can be tested through further research.
  • Providing insight into complex issues: Case studies can provide insights into complex and multifaceted issues, which may be difficult to understand through other research methods.
  • Informing practice or policy: Case studies can be used to inform practice or policy by identifying best practices, lessons learned, or areas for improvement.

Advantages of Case Study Research

There are several advantages of case study research, including:

  • In-depth exploration: Case study research allows for a detailed exploration and analysis of a specific phenomenon, issue, or problem in its real-life context. This can provide a comprehensive understanding of the case and its dynamics, which may not be possible through other research methods.
  • Rich data: Case study research can generate rich and detailed data, including qualitative data such as interviews, observations, and documents. This can provide a nuanced understanding of the case and its complexity.
  • Holistic perspective: Case study research allows for a holistic perspective of the case, taking into account the various factors, processes, and mechanisms that contribute to the case and its outcomes. This can help to develop a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the case.
  • Theory development: Case study research can help to develop and refine theories and concepts by providing empirical evidence and concrete examples of how they can be applied in real-life situations.
  • Practical application: Case study research can inform practice or policy by identifying best practices, lessons learned, or areas for improvement.
  • Contextualization: Case study research takes into account the specific context in which the case is situated, which can help to understand how the case is influenced by the social, cultural, and historical factors of its environment.

Limitations of Case Study Research

There are several limitations of case study research, including:

  • Limited generalizability : Case studies are typically focused on a single case or a small number of cases, which limits the generalizability of the findings. The unique characteristics of the case may not be applicable to other contexts or populations, which may limit the external validity of the research.
  • Biased sampling: Case studies may rely on purposive or convenience sampling, which can introduce bias into the sample selection process. This may limit the representativeness of the sample and the generalizability of the findings.
  • Subjectivity: Case studies rely on the interpretation of the researcher, which can introduce subjectivity into the analysis. The researcher’s own biases, assumptions, and perspectives may influence the findings, which may limit the objectivity of the research.
  • Limited control: Case studies are typically conducted in naturalistic settings, which limits the control that the researcher has over the environment and the variables being studied. This may limit the ability to establish causal relationships between variables.
  • Time-consuming: Case studies can be time-consuming to conduct, as they typically involve a detailed exploration and analysis of a specific case. This may limit the feasibility of conducting multiple case studies or conducting case studies in a timely manner.
  • Resource-intensive: Case studies may require significant resources, including time, funding, and expertise. This may limit the ability of researchers to conduct case studies in resource-constrained settings.

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10 Exploratory Research Examples

exploratory research definition and overview, explained below

Exploratory research is research that explores new or interesting topics, often as a pioneering study, conducting research that hasn’t been attempted before.

Let’s examine some academic definitions of exploratory research – if you’re writing an essay or methodology chapter on this topic, you might want to use these expert quotes in your writing:

  • “… research used to investigate an issue that is new, a problem which is not clearly defined, a topic on which there is little data” (Gozdziak & Chantavanich, 2022)
  • “… initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of the problem. It is done to help diagnose the situation, allow for screening of alternatives, and discover new ideas.” (Hutchison, Allen & Macy, 2012)
  • “… the initial research into a hypothetical or theoretical idea. This is where the researcher has an idea and wishes to research a topic seeking to understand it more deeply. An exploratory research study is an attempt to lay the groundwork that could of will lead to future studies.” (Blecher, 2018)

Oftentimes, an exploratory study takes the form of a descriptive-qualitative design that precedes a larger project (Cargan, 2007). The exploratory section of the study seeks to describe the phenomena in detail and generate hypotheses that would later be tested. This is common, for example, in grounded research projects .

Approaches to Exploratory Research

Belcher (2018) highlights that there are two ways you could go about exploratory research. You could either approach an entirely new topic that’s not been examined before. Or, you could find a new angle to approach an old topic:

  • New Topic: This could involve examining an entirely new, rare, or unique phenomenon that is yet to be explored.
  • New Angle on an Old Topic: This could involve using a new theoretical perspective or a new methodological approach to examine a topic that has been studied before.

Exploratory Research Examples

1. Bee Population Decline and Farming

Proposed Methods: Qualitative Interviews, Observation

If a team of environmental scientists were to notice a decline in the bee population in a farming region, they could conduct exploratory research by interviewing local farmers and observing farming practices. Their potential findings might suggest a correlation between certain pesticide use and the decrease in bee numbers, which could then prompt a more detailed investigation into alternative farming methods to protect bee colonies.

2. Urban Green Spaces and Mental Health

Proposed Methods: Surveys, Focus Group Discussions

If urban planners and health researchers were to observe a potential link between the presence of green spaces in urban areas and residents’ mental well-being, they could initiate exploratory research by surveying city dwellers and hosting focus group discussions. Their initial insights might indicate that regular access to urban parks and gardens is associated with lower stress levels and improved mood among the population. This could lead to a comprehensive study on the design and distribution of green spaces to enhance urban mental health.

3. Effects of Screen Time on Sleep Patterns

Proposed Methods: Diary Studies, Qualitative Interviews

If health experts were to suspect a relationship between prolonged screen time and disrupted sleep among teenagers, they could undertake exploratory research by having participants maintain sleep diaries and conducting in-depth interviews. The gathered data might reveal that excessive exposure to screens before bedtime could correlate with difficulty falling asleep and reduced sleep quality. Such findings could pave the way for a more conclusive study on digital habits and sleep hygiene.

4. Traditional Medicines and Modern Healing

Proposed Methods: Ethnographic Studies, Expert Interviews

If medical anthropologists were curious about the efficacy of traditional medicines in contemporary health practices, they could embark on exploratory research by studying indigenous communities and interviewing traditional healers. Their preliminary observations might suggest that certain age-old remedies have potential benefits in treating modern ailments. This could inspire further research into integrating traditional knowledge with modern medical practices.

5. Sustainable Packaging and Consumer Preferences

Proposed Methods: Surveys, Product Testing

If market researchers were to speculate about the rising preference for sustainable packaging among consumers, they could conduct exploratory research through surveys and product testing sessions. Initial feedback might indicate that consumers are more inclined to purchase products with eco-friendly packaging due to environmental concerns. This could initiate a more extensive study on the potential market shift towards sustainable packaging solutions.

6. Music Therapy and Cognitive Development in Children

Proposed Methods: Observational Studies , Interviews with Therapists

If developmental psychologists were to ponder the effects of music therapy on cognitive growth in children, they could delve into exploratory research by observing therapy sessions and interviewing music therapists. Early insights might reveal that structured musical activities could enhance certain cognitive functions, such as memory and attention span. This could set the stage for a detailed investigation into the therapeutic benefits of music for cognitive development.

7. Urban Architecture and Social Interactions

Proposed Methods: Urban Ethnography, Resident Interviews

If urban sociologists were to hypothesize that the design of urban spaces influences social interactions among residents, they could embark on exploratory research through urban ethnography and resident interviews. Initial observations might suggest that open communal spaces foster more community interactions and strengthen neighborhood bonds. These findings could lead to a comprehensive study on designing urban spaces to promote social cohesion.

8. Plant-Based Diets and Athletic Performance

Proposed Methods: Dietary Logs, Performance Metrics Analysis

If sports nutritionists were curious about the impact of plant-based diets on athletes’ performance, they could initiate exploratory research by analyzing athletes’ dietary logs and comparing performance metrics. Preliminary results might indicate that a well-planned plant-based diet could sustain or even enhance athletic prowess. This could trigger further research into the optimal nutrition strategies for athletes favoring plant-based diets.

9. Virtual Reality and Learning Efficiency

Proposed Methods: Experimental Learning Sessions, Feedback Surveys

If educational technologists were to consider the potential of virtual reality (VR) in enhancing learning experiences, they could conduct exploratory research using experimental VR learning sessions followed by feedback surveys. Early feedback might suggest that immersive VR environments can improve understanding and retention of complex topics. This could lead to a broader study on the integration of VR tools in various educational settings.

10. Urban Farming and Food Security

Proposed Methods: Case Studies, Farmer Interviews

If agricultural experts were to contemplate the role of urban farming in ensuring food security in metropolitan areas, they could initiate exploratory research by conducting case studies of existing urban farms and interviewing urban farmers. Preliminary insights might indicate that urban farming can significantly contribute to local food supplies and reduce food transportation costs. This could pave the way for more expansive research on optimizing urban agricultural practices to enhance city-wide food security.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Exploratory Research

Exploratory research design is very useful for providing initial insights into a topic, describing phenomena in detail, and exploring a topic without the predetermined constraints of mere hypothesis testing.

But it’s not the best research design in all situations. For example, it might not be ideal if you were seeking to achieve clarity on well-worn topics, generate generalizable results that add to existing literature, or contribute to a specific set of existing scholarly discourse on a topic.

Below are some strengths and weaknesses of this research design:

Blecher, M. (2018). Israeli Settlements: Land Politics Beyond the Geneva Convention. Hamilton Books.

Cargan, L. (2007). Doing Social Research . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Gozdziak, E. M., & Chantavanich, S. (2022). Africans in Thailand. In Gozdziak, E. M., & Chantavanich, S. (Eds.). African Migration to Thailand: Race, Mobility, and Integration. Taylor & Francis.

Hammond, M., & Wellington, J. J. (2013). Research Methods: The Key Concepts . Routledge.

Hutchison, T., Allen, P., & Macy, A. (2012). Record Label Marketing . Taylor & Francis.

Morrison, A. M. (2022). Tourism Marketing: In the Age of the Consumer . Taylor & Francis.

Swedberg, R. (2020). Exploratory Research. In Elman C, Gerring J, & Mahoney J. (Eds.) The Production of Knowledge: Enhancing Progress in Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tan, W. C. K. (2022). Research Methods: A Practical Guide For Students And Researchers (Second Edition). World Scientific Publishing Company.

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Writing A Case Study

Types Of Case Study

Barbara P

Understand the Types of Case Study Here

Published on: Jun 22, 2019

Last updated on: Nov 29, 2023

Types of Case Study

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Case studies are effective research methods that focus on one specific case over time. This gives a detailed view that's great for learning.

Writing a case study is a very useful form of study in the educational process. With real-life examples, students can learn more effectively. 

A case study also has different types and forms. As a rule of thumb, all of them require a detailed and convincing answer based on a thorough analysis.

In this blog, we are going to discuss the different types of case study research methods in detail.

So, let’s dive right in!

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Understanding Case Studies

Case studies are a type of research methodology. Case study research designs examine subjects, projects, or organizations to provide an analysis based on the evidence.

It allows you to get insight into what causes any subject’s decisions and actions. This makes case studies a great way for students to develop their research skills.

A case study focuses on a single project for an extended period, which allows students to explore the topic in depth.

What are the Types of Case Study?

Multiple case studies are used for different purposes. The main purpose of case studies is to analyze problems within the boundaries of a specific organization, environment, or situation. 

Many aspects of a case study such as data collection and analysis, qualitative research questions, etc. are dependent on the researcher and what the study is looking to address. 

Case studies can be divided into the following categories:

Illustrative Case Study

Exploratory case study, cumulative case study, critical instance case study, descriptive case study, intrinsic case study, instrumental case study.

Let’s take a look at the detailed description of each type of case study with examples. 

An illustrative case study is used to examine a familiar case to help others understand it. It is one of the main types of case studies in research methodology and is primarily descriptive. 

In this type of case study, usually, one or two instances are used to explain what a situation is like. 

Here is an example to help you understand it better:

Illustrative Case Study Example

An exploratory case study is usually done before a larger-scale research. These types of case studies are very popular in the social sciences like political science and primarily focus on real-life contexts and situations.

This method is useful in identifying research questions and methods for a large and complex study. 

Let’s take a look at this example to help you have a better understanding:

Exploratory Case Study Example

A cumulative case study is one of the main types of case studies in qualitative research. It is used to collect information from different sources at different times.

This case study aims to summarize the past studies without spending additional cost and time on new investigations. 

Let’s take a look at the example below:

Cumulative Case Study Example

Critical instances case studies are used to determine the cause and consequence of an event. 

The main reason for this type of case study is to investigate one or more sources with unique interests and sometimes with no interest in general. 

Take a look at this example below:

Critical Instance Case Study Example

When you have a hypothesis, you can design a descriptive study. It aims to find connections between the subject being studied and a theory.

After making these connections, the study can be concluded. The results of the descriptive case study will usually suggest how to develop a theory further.

This example can help you understand the concept better:

Descriptive Case Study Example

Intrinsic studies are more commonly used in psychology, healthcare, or social work. So, if you were looking for types of case studies in sociology, or types of case studies in social research, this is it.

The focus of intrinsic studies is on the individual. The aim of such studies is not only to understand the subject better but also their history and how they interact with their environment.

Here is an example to help you understand;

Intrinsic Case Study Example

This type of case study is mostly used in qualitative research. In an instrumental case study, the specific case is selected to provide information about the research question.

It offers a lens through which researchers can explore complex concepts, theories, or generalizations.

Take a look at the example below to have a better understanding of the concepts:

Instrumental Case Study Example

Review some case study examples to help you understand how a specific case study is conducted.

Types of Subjects of Case Study 

In general, there are 5 types of subjects that case studies address. Every case study fits into the following subject categories. 

  • Person: This type of study focuses on one subject or individual and can use several research methods to determine the outcome. 
  • Group: This type of study takes into account a group of individuals. This could be a group of friends, coworkers, or family. 
  • Location: The main focus of this type of study is the place. It also takes into account how and why people use the place. 
  • Organization: This study focuses on an organization or company. This could also include the company employees or people who work in an event at the organization. 
  • Event: This type of study focuses on a specific event. It could be societal or cultural and examines how it affects the surroundings. 

Benefits of Case Study for Students

Here's a closer look at the multitude of benefits students can have with case studies:

Real-world Application

Case studies serve as a crucial link between theory and practice. By immersing themselves in real-world scenarios, students can apply theoretical knowledge to practical situations.

Critical Thinking Skills

Analyzing case studies demands critical thinking and informed decision-making. Students cultivate the ability to evaluate information, identify key factors, and develop well-reasoned solutions – essential skills in both academic and professional contexts.

Enhanced Problem-solving Abilities

Case studies often present complex problems that require creative and strategic solutions. Engaging with these challenges refines students' problem-solving skills, encouraging them to think innovatively and develop effective approaches.

Holistic Understanding

Going beyond theoretical concepts, case studies provide a holistic view of a subject. Students gain insights into the multifaceted aspects of a situation, helping them connect the dots and understand the broader context.

Exposure to Diverse Perspectives

Case studies often encompass a variety of industries, cultures, and situations. This exposure broadens students' perspectives, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the world and the challenges faced by different entities.

So there you have it!

We have explored different types of case studies and their examples. Case studies act as the tools to understand and deal with the many challenges and opportunities around us.

Case studies are being used more and more in colleges and universities to help students understand how a hypothetical event can influence a person, group, or organization in real life. 

Not everyone can handle the case study writing assignment easily. It is even scary to think that your time and work could be wasted if you don't do the case study paper right. 

Our professional paper writing service is here to make your academic journey easier. 

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  • Exploratory Research: What are its Method & Examples?

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Research is a continuous process that needs improvement as time goes by, and as such is non-exhaustive. Although, a lot of researchers working on novel projects, most researchers work on existing theories or formulations and build on them.

Researchers may decide to work on a problem that has not been studied very clearly to establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improving the final research design. This type of research is what is called exploratory research. 

What is Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is the process of investigating a problem that has not been studied or thoroughly investigated in the past . Exploratory type of research is usually conducted to have a better understanding of the existing problem, but usually doesn’t lead to a conclusive result. 

Researchers use exploratory research when trying to gain familiarity with an existing phenomenon and acquire new insight into it to form a more precise problem. It begins based on a general idea and the outcomes of the research are used to find out related issues with the topic of the research.

In exploratory research, the process of the research varies according to the finding of new data or insight. Also referred to as interpretative research or grounded theory approach, the outcomes of this research provide answers to questions like what, how and why. 

Characteristics of Exploratory Research 

  • Exploratory research is inexpensive, highly interactive and open-ended in nature.
  • There is usually no prior relevant information available from past researchers.
  • It has no predefined structure.
  • It answers questions like how and why aiding the researcher to acquire more information about the research.
  • The absence of relevant information from past research means the researcher will spend a lot of time studying materials in detail. Therefore, spending so much time conducting exploratory research.
  • Since there is no standard for carrying out exploratory research, it is usually flexible and scattered.
  • There must a few theories which can verify your outcome.
  • Researchers cannot form a conclusion based on exploratory research.
  • The research problem must be important and valuable
  • Exploratory research mostly deals with qualitative data.

Exploratory Research Methods

There are several exploratory research methods available for data gathering and research. However, exploratory research has been classified into two main methods, namely the primary and secondary research methods . The process of conducting research tends to be more difficult when dealing with a problem that hasn’t been deeply investigated before.

Primary Research Methods

In primary research methods , data is collected directly from the subject of investigation. The subject, in this case, maybe a group of people or an individual. 

It doesn’t matter whether the data is collected by the researcher himself or through a third party, the main purpose of the research should be fulfilled. The purpose of conducting this research is to collect information about the problem which requires in-depth analysis.

Some of the primary research methods used in exploratory research include:

  • Observations

In this primary research method, the researcher does not come in close contact with the subject. Rather, the subject is being watched from afar. Subject observation can be done in two ways.

The first is that the subject is aware that he/she is being observed while the second way is that the subject is not aware of it. The latter method is said to gather fairer data because the subject may behave differently when he/she is aware that (s)he is being watched. 

Surveys are used to collect data from a predefined subject(s). It can be used collected to study trends, opinions, and behaviour of a group of people.

Online form builders like Formplus have made it easier to conduct surveys online and reach diverse demography of participants from all over the world. Although, rarely in use these days, researchers can also conduct offline surveys. 

Although more stressful and time-consuming than others, the interview technique is the best in terms of collecting detailed and correct data. Interviews can be conducted in person, via phone call or video call.

Interviews can also be recorded by the researcher in case he/she needs to go back to it and confirm specific information. 

  • Focus Groups

Focus group is often used by researchers when trying to collect data from a group of people with similar characteristics. The research can be done using any of the three methods explained above.

For example, a focus group of fresh graduates may be investigated on how they spend their time. 

Secondary Research Methods 

Secondary research method uses existing resources on the subject under study. Existing sources like newspapers, magazines, articles, papers, etc. are what researchers conduct for exploratory research. 

All the resources used must be cited in publications. Some of the secondary research methods used in exploratory research include:

Literature research is the process of conducting old resources like publications, textbooks, articles, magazines, etc. All this information can be gathered in both sift copy and hard copy documents.

For example, an undergraduate student conducting his/her final project research will need to conduct textbooks, publications, papers, articles, etc. 

  • Online Sources

With the advent of technology, this research has gained much popularity among millennials. Online research sources are the cheapest and easiest method of research.

With access to the internet and a personal computer or mobile phone, a researcher can browse through as many resources as possible. They can also be downloaded for further use in the future. 

The setback of this method is the difficulty of combing through the many online resources to find genuine information. Researchers face the possibility of ending up with incorrect data because false information may be difficult to identify. 

A researcher might find relevant information on the problem under study by studying existing cases. For example, a mathematician trying to formulate a model to solve the queuing problem in an airport may conduct existing research in similar areas.

A case study could be research that solved the queuing problem in a shopping mall. This research will be studied and modified to suit that of the airport queuing problem. 

A researcher may decide to get more creative by using informal sources like email newsletter subscription, RSS feeds, google alerts, google trends or even design a bot that combs through the large repository of data online.

How To Conduct Exploratory Research

Step 1 – identify the problem.

This is a common starting point for all types of research. Here, the researcher identifies the purpose of the research by answering the “what question”.For example, when investigating a crime scene, the FBI needs to first identify what happened. Was it theft, murder or a case of child abuse? 

Step 2 – Create the hypothesis

After identifying the problem, the researcher goes ahead to check whether there have been prior investigations regarding the subject matter. But when the researcher realizes that there are no previous investigations, he/she arrives at a hypothesis based on the questions obtained while identifying the problem.

If you are investigating a crime scene, an autopsy will be performed on the dead body to answer how he/she was killed. Questions like, Was he in a gang?, Fighting over a business deal? or very rich? will answer the question of why he was killed. 

With this information, the investigator can arrive at a hypothesis. 

Step 3 – Conduct further research 

To conduct further research, the researcher needs to first obtain relevant data that will assist in the research process. Some of the methods of collecting data include interviews, surveys, online sources, etc. 

Once the data has been collected, the researcher will continue the investigation through descriptive methods. This process uses qualitative data. 

Examples of Exploratory Research 

In this section, we shall be considering three examples of exploratory research and will be going through the research process as explained above. 

Exploratory Research Example on Murder Investigation

A fresh or inconclusive murder case will be investigated using exploratory research because it has not been investigated clearly in the past. To gain a better understanding of how exploratory research is used to conduct a murder investigation, let us review this popular crime movie titled Murder on the Orient Express .  

Adapted from Agatha Christie’s novel , we see in this movie that the first thing detective Hercule Poirot did was to identify the problem which is the murder of Ratchett. After that was the question of how he was killed. 

The how consists of the murder weapon, how it was used, the time he was murdered, etc. The last piece of information the detective needed to nail the culprit was the why. 

By discovering why Ratchett was murdered, the detective can easily arrive at a hypothesis on who the murderer is. In the search for why the detective used a primary research approach to collect relevant data that will aid the investigation. 

When an avalanche stops the Orient Express dead in its tracks, the world’s greatest detective–Hercule Poirot–arrives to interrogate all passengers and search for clues before the killer can strike again. After a series of interviews, the detective was able to arrive at a hypothesis on who the killer was. 

The results of any criminal investigation will remain a hypothesis until tried under a court which will either confirm or nullify the hypothesis. The evidence acquired during the investigation is what will assist the court in making a decision. 

Exploratory Research Example on Product Research

Organizations conduct two major research when working on a new product or service. The first one is conducted before developing the product while the second one is conducted after product development. 

Our focus will be on the exploratory research conducted after product development. For tech products, it is called the beta testing stage of product development. 

If a new feature is added to an existing app, for example, product researchers will want to investigate whether the feature will be well received among the users. If the feature added to the app is something that is already in existence, then the research is not exploratory. 

For example, if telegram adds a status feature to its app, the beta research stage of the app is not exploratory. This is because this feature is something that is already in existence, and they can easily get enough information from WhatsApp.

However, if it is a new feature like the Snapchat filters when they just came out, the research is explanatory. In this case, exploratory research is carried out using a focus group of beta testers. 

Trend Analysis

A good example of trend analysis research is studying the relationship between an increased rate of charity and crime rate in a community. Will giving food, clothes, etc. to the people in a community help decrease the rate at which people steal?

This exploratory research may be conducted through observations. A sample crime laden community will be given charity for a certain period, while the crime rate during this period will be observed. 

This kind of research is better carried out when the subject is not aware they are under observation. An alternative to this approach is using the case study method. 

Although this research may not have been done in this specific community, something similar may have been done in the past. If that is the case, the research can be easily carried out by investigating the case study to get relevant information. 

This will make the research process easier and a hypothesis easier to come by. 

How to use Formplus for Exploratory Surveys 

Start creating exploratory surveys with Formplus in three easy steps.

Step 1: Register or Sign up

  • Visit www.formpl.us on your desktop or mobile device.
  • Sign up through your Email, Google or Facebook in less than 30 seconds.

formplus-survey-builder-tool

Step 2: Create Your Exploratory Survey

We will be creating a product research exploratory survey in this guide. Consider a software company that just added some new features to their app. The app is currently in the beta testing stage and they are taking an exploratory survey to get feedback from the beta testers.

Radio Choice Multiple Choice Question

  • Click on the Choice Options section of the form builder menu.
  • Create Radio multiple choice questions by clicking on the radio tab.
  • Edit the question with your preferred stem and choice options.

exploratory-survey

Open-Ended Question

  • Click on the Inputs section of the form builder menu.
  • Create a short text open-ended question by clicking on the Short Text tab.

example case study exploratory

  • Edit the label and placeholder text as preferred.

Checkbox Multiple Choice Question

  • Create a checkbox multiple choice question by clicking on the radio tab.

example case study exploratory

Matrix Rating Multiple Choice Question

  • Click on the Ratings section of the form builder menu.
  • Create a matrix rating by clicking on the Matrix tab.
  • Edit the table as preferred.

example case study exploratory

  • Save your exploratory survey.

You can also add more questions as preferred. 

Step 3: Customise and Share

This is the final stage where you customise your form and start sharing with respondents.

Feel free to customise your forms as you please. You can also add logic in the settings before sharing.

example case study exploratory

  • Copy the link or click on the “Preview Form” button to see how your form looks like.

example case study exploratory

Advantages of Exploratory Research

  • Exploratory research is inexpensive to perform, especially when using the second method for research.
  • Exploratory does not have a standard process and as such is very flexible.
  • Information gathered from exploratory research is very useful as it helps lay the foundation for future research.
  • It gives researchers more insight into the problem under study.
  • Researchers don’t have to waste time conducting irrelevant research when using an exploratory approach. It helps the researcher if the topic is worth investigating at an early stage.

Disadvantages of Exploratory Research

  • It produces an inconclusive result.
  • Exploratory research provides qualitative data, which may be difficult to interpret. The interpretation of qualitative data may be bias and/or judgemental.
  • Many of the data collected through secondary sources may be old and outdated.
  • If collected through online sources, the researcher may be prone to collecting false information.
  • Exploratory research mostly involves a smaller sample whose results may be incorrect for a larger population.

Conclusion  

Research is built on the incredible inquisitive and resourceful minds of researchers and the urge to solve problems. This stems from the child-like tendency to frequently ask questions like what, why, and how—a trademark of exploratory research. 

Exploratory research is one of the three main objectives of market research, with the other two being descriptive research and causal research. It is commonly used for various applied research projects. 

Applied research is often exploratory because there is a need for flexibility in approaching the problem. Also, there are often data limitations and a need to decide within a short period. 

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What Is a Case Study?

Weighing the pros and cons of this method of research

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

example case study exploratory

Cara Lustik is a fact-checker and copywriter.

example case study exploratory

Verywell / Colleen Tighe

  • Pros and Cons

What Types of Case Studies Are Out There?

Where do you find data for a case study, how do i write a psychology case study.

A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.

The point of a case study is to learn as much as possible about an individual or group so that the information can be generalized to many others. Unfortunately, case studies tend to be highly subjective, and it is sometimes difficult to generalize results to a larger population.

While case studies focus on a single individual or group, they follow a format similar to other types of psychology writing. If you are writing a case study, we got you—here are some rules of APA format to reference.  

At a Glance

A case study, or an in-depth study of a person, group, or event, can be a useful research tool when used wisely. In many cases, case studies are best used in situations where it would be difficult or impossible for you to conduct an experiment. They are helpful for looking at unique situations and allow researchers to gather a lot of˜ information about a specific individual or group of people. However, it's important to be cautious of any bias we draw from them as they are highly subjective.

What Are the Benefits and Limitations of Case Studies?

A case study can have its strengths and weaknesses. Researchers must consider these pros and cons before deciding if this type of study is appropriate for their needs.

One of the greatest advantages of a case study is that it allows researchers to investigate things that are often difficult or impossible to replicate in a lab. Some other benefits of a case study:

  • Allows researchers to capture information on the 'how,' 'what,' and 'why,' of something that's implemented
  • Gives researchers the chance to collect information on why one strategy might be chosen over another
  • Permits researchers to develop hypotheses that can be explored in experimental research

On the other hand, a case study can have some drawbacks:

  • It cannot necessarily be generalized to the larger population
  • Cannot demonstrate cause and effect
  • It may not be scientifically rigorous
  • It can lead to bias

Researchers may choose to perform a case study if they want to explore a unique or recently discovered phenomenon. Through their insights, researchers develop additional ideas and study questions that might be explored in future studies.

It's important to remember that the insights from case studies cannot be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. However, case studies may be used to develop hypotheses that can then be addressed in experimental research.

Case Study Examples

There have been a number of notable case studies in the history of psychology. Much of  Freud's work and theories were developed through individual case studies. Some great examples of case studies in psychology include:

  • Anna O : Anna O. was a pseudonym of a woman named Bertha Pappenheim, a patient of a physician named Josef Breuer. While she was never a patient of Freud's, Freud and Breuer discussed her case extensively. The woman was experiencing symptoms of a condition that was then known as hysteria and found that talking about her problems helped relieve her symptoms. Her case played an important part in the development of talk therapy as an approach to mental health treatment.
  • Phineas Gage : Phineas Gage was a railroad employee who experienced a terrible accident in which an explosion sent a metal rod through his skull, damaging important portions of his brain. Gage recovered from his accident but was left with serious changes in both personality and behavior.
  • Genie : Genie was a young girl subjected to horrific abuse and isolation. The case study of Genie allowed researchers to study whether language learning was possible, even after missing critical periods for language development. Her case also served as an example of how scientific research may interfere with treatment and lead to further abuse of vulnerable individuals.

Such cases demonstrate how case research can be used to study things that researchers could not replicate in experimental settings. In Genie's case, her horrific abuse denied her the opportunity to learn a language at critical points in her development.

This is clearly not something researchers could ethically replicate, but conducting a case study on Genie allowed researchers to study phenomena that are otherwise impossible to reproduce.

There are a few different types of case studies that psychologists and other researchers might use:

  • Collective case studies : These involve studying a group of individuals. Researchers might study a group of people in a certain setting or look at an entire community. For example, psychologists might explore how access to resources in a community has affected the collective mental well-being of those who live there.
  • Descriptive case studies : These involve starting with a descriptive theory. The subjects are then observed, and the information gathered is compared to the pre-existing theory.
  • Explanatory case studies : These   are often used to do causal investigations. In other words, researchers are interested in looking at factors that may have caused certain things to occur.
  • Exploratory case studies : These are sometimes used as a prelude to further, more in-depth research. This allows researchers to gather more information before developing their research questions and hypotheses .
  • Instrumental case studies : These occur when the individual or group allows researchers to understand more than what is initially obvious to observers.
  • Intrinsic case studies : This type of case study is when the researcher has a personal interest in the case. Jean Piaget's observations of his own children are good examples of how an intrinsic case study can contribute to the development of a psychological theory.

The three main case study types often used are intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Intrinsic case studies are useful for learning about unique cases. Instrumental case studies help look at an individual to learn more about a broader issue. A collective case study can be useful for looking at several cases simultaneously.

The type of case study that psychology researchers use depends on the unique characteristics of the situation and the case itself.

There are a number of different sources and methods that researchers can use to gather information about an individual or group. Six major sources that have been identified by researchers are:

  • Archival records : Census records, survey records, and name lists are examples of archival records.
  • Direct observation : This strategy involves observing the subject, often in a natural setting . While an individual observer is sometimes used, it is more common to utilize a group of observers.
  • Documents : Letters, newspaper articles, administrative records, etc., are the types of documents often used as sources.
  • Interviews : Interviews are one of the most important methods for gathering information in case studies. An interview can involve structured survey questions or more open-ended questions.
  • Participant observation : When the researcher serves as a participant in events and observes the actions and outcomes, it is called participant observation.
  • Physical artifacts : Tools, objects, instruments, and other artifacts are often observed during a direct observation of the subject.

If you have been directed to write a case study for a psychology course, be sure to check with your instructor for any specific guidelines you need to follow. If you are writing your case study for a professional publication, check with the publisher for their specific guidelines for submitting a case study.

Here is a general outline of what should be included in a case study.

Section 1: A Case History

This section will have the following structure and content:

Background information : The first section of your paper will present your client's background. Include factors such as age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and weaknesses.

Description of the presenting problem : In the next section of your case study, you will describe the problem or symptoms that the client presented with.

Describe any physical, emotional, or sensory symptoms reported by the client. Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions related to the symptoms should also be noted. Any screening or diagnostic assessments that are used should also be described in detail and all scores reported.

Your diagnosis : Provide your diagnosis and give the appropriate Diagnostic and Statistical Manual code. Explain how you reached your diagnosis, how the client's symptoms fit the diagnostic criteria for the disorder(s), or any possible difficulties in reaching a diagnosis.

Section 2: Treatment Plan

This portion of the paper will address the chosen treatment for the condition. This might also include the theoretical basis for the chosen treatment or any other evidence that might exist to support why this approach was chosen.

  • Cognitive behavioral approach : Explain how a cognitive behavioral therapist would approach treatment. Offer background information on cognitive behavioral therapy and describe the treatment sessions, client response, and outcome of this type of treatment. Make note of any difficulties or successes encountered by your client during treatment.
  • Humanistic approach : Describe a humanistic approach that could be used to treat your client, such as client-centered therapy . Provide information on the type of treatment you chose, the client's reaction to the treatment, and the end result of this approach. Explain why the treatment was successful or unsuccessful.
  • Psychoanalytic approach : Describe how a psychoanalytic therapist would view the client's problem. Provide some background on the psychoanalytic approach and cite relevant references. Explain how psychoanalytic therapy would be used to treat the client, how the client would respond to therapy, and the effectiveness of this treatment approach.
  • Pharmacological approach : If treatment primarily involves the use of medications, explain which medications were used and why. Provide background on the effectiveness of these medications and how monotherapy may compare with an approach that combines medications with therapy or other treatments.

This section of a case study should also include information about the treatment goals, process, and outcomes.

When you are writing a case study, you should also include a section where you discuss the case study itself, including the strengths and limitiations of the study. You should note how the findings of your case study might support previous research. 

In your discussion section, you should also describe some of the implications of your case study. What ideas or findings might require further exploration? How might researchers go about exploring some of these questions in additional studies?

Need More Tips?

Here are a few additional pointers to keep in mind when formatting your case study:

  • Never refer to the subject of your case study as "the client." Instead, use their name or a pseudonym.
  • Read examples of case studies to gain an idea about the style and format.
  • Remember to use APA format when citing references .

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach .  BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011;11:100.

Crowe S, Cresswell K, Robertson A, Huby G, Avery A, Sheikh A. The case study approach . BMC Med Res Methodol . 2011 Jun 27;11:100. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100

Gagnon, Yves-Chantal.  The Case Study as Research Method: A Practical Handbook . Canada, Chicago Review Press Incorporated DBA Independent Pub Group, 2010.

Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods . United States, SAGE Publications, 2017.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Research-Methodology

Case Studies

Case studies are a popular research method in business area. Case studies aim to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment, situation or organization.

According to its design, case studies in business research can be divided into three categories: explanatory, descriptive and exploratory.

Explanatory case studies aim to answer ‘how’ or ’why’ questions with little control on behalf of researcher over occurrence of events. This type of case studies focus on phenomena within the contexts of real-life situations. Example: “An investigation into the reasons of the global financial and economic crisis of 2008 – 2010.”

Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain amount of time has passed. Studies in business research belonging to this category usually describe culture or sub-culture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena. Example: “Impact of increasing levels of multiculturalism on marketing practices: A case study of McDonald’s Indonesia.”

Exploratory case studies aim to find answers to the questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’. Exploratory case study data collection method is often accompanied by additional data collection method(s) such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments etc. Example: “A study into differences of leadership practices between private and public sector organizations in Atlanta, USA.”

Advantages of case study method include data collection and analysis within the context of phenomenon, integration of qualitative and quantitative data in data analysis, and the ability to capture complexities of real-life situations so that the phenomenon can be studied in greater levels of depth. Case studies do have certain disadvantages that may include lack of rigor, challenges associated with data analysis and very little basis for generalizations of findings and conclusions.

Case Studies

John Dudovskiy

  • How it works

A Quick Guide to Case Study with Examples

Published by Alvin Nicolas at August 14th, 2021 , Revised On August 29, 2023

A case study is a documented history and detailed analysis of a situation concerning organisations, industries, and markets.

A case study:

  • Focuses on discovering new facts of the situation under observation.
  • Includes data collection from multiple sources over time.
  • Widely used in social sciences to study the underlying information, organisation, community, or event.
  • It does not provide any solution to the problem .

When to Use Case Study? 

You can use a case study in your research when:

  • The focus of your study is to find answers to how and why questions .
  • You don’t have enough time to conduct extensive research; case studies are convenient for completing your project successfully.
  • You want to analyse real-world problems in-depth, then you can use the method of the case study.

You can consider a single case to gain in-depth knowledge about the subject, or you can choose multiple cases to know about various aspects of your  research problem .

What are the Aims of the Case Study?

  • The case study aims at identifying weak areas that can be improved.
  • This method is often used for idiographic research (focuses on individual cases or events).
  • Another aim of the case study is nomothetic research (aims to discover new theories through data analysis of multiple cases).

Types of Case Studies

There are different types of case studies that can be categorised based on the purpose of the investigation.

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How to Conduct a Case Study?

  • Select the Case to Investigate
  • Formulate the Research Question
  • Review of Literature
  • Choose the Precise Case to Use in your Study
  • Select Data Collection and Analysis Techniques
  • Collect the Data
  • Analyse the Data
  • Prepare the Report

Step1: Select the Case to Investigate

The first step is to select a case to conduct your investigation. You should remember the following points.

  • Make sure that you perform the study in the available timeframe.
  • There should not be too much information available about the organisation.
  • You should be able to get access to the organisation.
  • There should be enough information available about the subject to conduct further research.

Step2: Formulate the Research Question

It’s necessary to  formulate a research question  to proceed with your case study. Most of the research questions begin with  how, why, what, or what can . 

You can also use a research statement instead of a research question to conduct your research which can be conditional or non-conditional. 

Step 3: Review of Literature

Once you formulate your research statement or question, you need to extensively  review the documentation about the existing discoveries related to your research question or statement.

Step 4: Choose the Precise Case to Use in your Study

You need to select a specific case or multiple cases related to your research. It would help if you treated each case individually while using multiple cases. The outcomes of each case can be used as contributors to the outcomes of the entire study.  You can select the following cases. 

  • Representing various geographic regions
  • Cases with various size parameters
  • Explaining the existing theories or assumptions
  • Leading to discoveries
  • Providing a base for future research.

Step 5: Select Data Collection and Analysis Techniques

You can choose both  qualitative or quantitative approaches  for  collecting the data . You can use  interviews ,  surveys , artifacts, documentation, newspapers, and photographs, etc. To avoid biased observation, you can triangulate  your research to provide different views of your case. Even if you are focusing on a single case, you need to observe various case angles. It would help if you constructed validity, internal and external validity, as well as reliability.

Example: Identifying the impacts of contaminated water on people’s health and the factors responsible for it. You need to gather the data using qualitative and quantitative approaches to understand the case in such cases.

Construct validity:  You should select the most suitable measurement tool for your research. 

Internal validity:   You should use various methodological tools to  triangulate  the data. Try different methods to study the same hypothesis.

External validity:  You need to effectively apply the data beyond the case’s circumstances to more general issues.

Reliability:   You need to be confident enough to formulate the new direction for future studies based on your findings.

Also Read:  Reliability and Validity

Step 6: Collect the Data

Beware of the following when collecting data:

  • Information should be gathered systematically, and the collected evidence from various sources should contribute to your research objectives.
  • Don’t collect your data randomly.
  • Recheck your research questions to avoid mistakes.
  • You should save the collected data in any popular format for clear understanding.
  • While making any changes to collecting information, make sure to record the changes in a document.
  • You should maintain a case diary and note your opinions and thoughts evolved throughout the study.

Step 7: Analyse the Data

The research data identifies the relationship between the objects of study and the research questions or statements. You need to reconfirm the collected information and tabulate it correctly for better understanding. 

Step 8: Prepare the Report

It’s essential to prepare a report for your case study. You can write your case study in the form of a scientific paper or thesis discussing its detail with supporting evidence. 

A case study can be represented by incorporating  quotations,  stories, anecdotes,  interview transcripts , etc., with empirical data in the result section. 

You can also write it in narrative styles using  textual analysis  or   discourse analysis . Your report should also include evidence from published literature, and you can put it in the discussion section.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study

Frequently asked questions, what is the case study.

A case study is a research method where a specific instance, event, or situation is deeply examined to gain insights into real-world complexities. It involves detailed analysis of context, data, and variables to understand patterns, causes, and effects, often used in various disciplines for in-depth exploration.

You May Also Like

Action research for my dissertation?, A brief overview of action research as a responsive, action-oriented, participative and reflective research technique.

A hypothesis is a research question that has to be proved correct or incorrect through hypothesis testing – a scientific approach to test a hypothesis.

In correlational research, a researcher measures the relationship between two or more variables or sets of scores without having control over the variables.

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Sequential Exploratory Mixed Methods: A Case Study Examining Managers’ Support for Wellness Programs

  • By: Deborah G. Passey
  • Product: Sage Research Methods Cases: Medicine and Health
  • Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd
  • Publication year: 2020
  • Online pub date: January 15, 2020
  • Discipline: Public Health
  • Methods: Mixed methods , Online surveys , Survey research
  • DOI: https:// doi. org/10.4135/9781529709551
  • Keywords: employee participation , managers , offices , supervisors , support staff , surveying , teams , wellness Show all Show less
  • Online ISBN: 9781529709551 Copyright: © SAGE Publications Ltd 2020 More information Less information

This case study provides an overview of using mixed methods to gain an in-depth understanding of an emerging research topic. The different type of mixed method designs is presented with a close examination of a Sequential Exploratory design. This type of mixed method study design is a great choice for emerging research topics, where there is limited research available. The Sequential Exploratory design involves a first phase of qualitative data collection that is used to inform a second phase of quantitative data collection. This case study describes one example of using the Sequential Exploratory design to examine managers’ barriers and facilitators to supporting wellness programs for their employees. The first phase involved qualitative interviews with managers regarding their beliefs and attitudes toward wellness programs. The second phase used the qualitative data to create a quantitative survey that was fielded to managers to collect data that could be integrated with the qualitative data to provide a complete picture. The qualitative and quantitative data informed the content for an online intervention that addressed managers’ barriers and facilitators to supporting wellness programs. The qualitative and quantitative data are one way to provide a thorough examination of an emerging research topic and help with the development of an intervention.

Sequential Exploratory Mixed Methods: A Case Study Examining Managers’ Support for Wellness Programs

Learning outcomes.

By the end of this case, students should be able to

  • Understand the differences between qualitative and quantitative methods
  • Describe the different types of mixed method research designs
  • Explain the strengths and limitations of using a mixed method design
  • Know when it is appropriate to use mixed method study designs

Project Overview and Context

Research has shown that workplace interventions can improve employee health. However, interventions to improve employee health, such as wellness programs, often have low participation rates. Wellness programs are policies and activities that support healthy behaviors for employees. Examples of workplace wellness programs include policies for sick leave, stocking the breakroom with healthy snacks, onsite fitness classes, or flexible scheduling to allow physical activity during the workday. Research suggests that managers and supervisors are important factors for employee participation in wellness programs. To understand the role of managers and supervisors in supporting wellness program, our research team conducted a literature review. We discovered that many factors influence managers’ and supervisors’ support for wellness program, including the workplace management, senior leadership support, expected work roles, training on health topics, and beliefs and attitudes toward wellness programs and employee health. We also discovered that there was not a lot of research on managers’ and supervisors’ support for their employees’ participation in wellness programs. To understand this emerging research topic, we conducted a research project with a large employer in Washington State with four offices ranging in size from 200 to more than 1,000 employees. The employer had an online wellness platform and an onsite wellness program administered by wellness coordinators. The project had two main goals: (1) gain a better understanding of managers’ and supervisors’ role in supporting the wellness program, and (2) generate information that we can use to develop an intervention. We used a mixed methods research design to help us gain a better understanding of our research topic. Mixed methods are the convergence of qualitative and quantitative data ( Creswell & Creswell, 2017 ). Mixed methods have many strengths, including the ability to add insight and understanding that might be missed using one method; we can draw on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative methods. Mixed methods are a useful strategy to have a more complete understanding of a research topic and whether there is a need for an intervention program ( Creswell, 2011 ).

Using Mixed Methods

The use of mixed methods requires extensive data collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. The goal of mixed methods research is to test or confirm emerging findings by triangulating multiple data sources and data collection methods ( Creswell, Klassen, Plano Clark, & Smith, 2011 ). The researcher is the key instrument for gathering data and talks directly to the individuals of interest. Qualitative research uses an inductive or “bottom-up” approach to organizing and analyzing data, where the researcher looks for broad patterns or theories in the data ( Creswell & Clark, 2011 ). Qualitative research is emergent and cannot be tightly prescribed, which makes it a suitable approach for studying a relatively unknown research topic ( Creswell, 2011 ). Quantitative research methods use survey instruments to provide a numeric description of attitudes and beliefs of a study population ( Creswell & Creswell, 2017 ). Quantitative methods are robust for studying a larger group of individuals and for generalizing results from the study sample to broader groups ( Creswell, 2011 ).

There are six types of mixed methods designs described by Creswell et al. (2011) : (1) Sequential Explanatory Design, (2) Sequential Exploratory, (3) Sequential Transformative, (4) Concurrent Triangulation, (5) Concurrent Nested, and (6) Concurrent Transformative. These designs differ by the order that qualitative and quantitative data collection is performed, the stage that data are integrated (at the interpretation or analysis phase), and the theoretical perspective used ( Creswell et al., 2011 ). The design of our mixed method study was a Sequential Exploratory mixed method. We used this design because it gives priority to the qualitative data and does not require a prescribed theoretical framework. The Sequential Exploratory strategy is a way to study a phenomenon within a small population and generalize the qualitative findings to a larger sample ( Creswell & Creswell, 2017 ). With the Sequential Exploratory design, data are collected in two sequential phases. The first phase used qualitative methods to explore managers’ attitudes and beliefs about supporting wellness programs. We gathered qualitative data with a small sample of managers and supervisors, and then used this information to develop a survey instrument. The second phase used the survey instrument to collect quantitative data that assisted in the interpretation of the qualitative results.

Mixed methods research has its limitations and weaknesses. Qualitative interviews require substantial time and effort for data collection. The quality of data from interviews is highly dependent on the training and experience of the person conducting the interview. Qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys rely on self-reported responses, with the potential for recall bias. Recall bias occurs when a participant cannot remember or accurately recall an event or situation they are being asked to describe. We used an online quantitative survey, which has less control over sampling and the conditions in which respondents answer the questions. In addition, an online survey may have a low response rate, which could lead to a biased sample. Another limitation is the generalizability of the survey instrument to populations outside the study population. The strengths of using mixed methods include the ability to answer a broad and complete range of research questions, and provide stronger evidence for conclusions through the corroboration of findings ( Creswell, 2011 ). The advantage of conducting qualitative interviews is the ability to ask open-ended questions that provide more detail from the participants. The strength of using an online survey is the ability to administer it to a large group (cost-effective) and allow anonymity of responses ( Swanson & Holton, 2005 ).

Section Summary

  • There are six types of mixed method research designs. You should pick a design as it relates to your research topic and research goals.
  • Qualitative and quantitative data collection have strengths and limitations. It is important to consider these when conducting a mixed methods research study.

Research Practicalities

Prior to collecting any qualitative or quantitative data for our study, we had to get Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. The IRB is an independent committee that ensures research is ethical and the benefits of participating in the research study outweigh the harm. Universities, hospitals, and research centers are required to have an IRB. For this study, we received an exempt status from the IRB. Exempt status means our study did not require a full review by the IRB. It is important to note that the IRB still reviewed our study methods and data collection tools.

For this study, we worked with the wellness program coordinators located in each office to understand what types of wellness activities and policies were part of the wellness program. This helped us get an idea of what the “wellness landscape” looked like for each office. We used the information from the wellness program coordinators to help us develop an interview script for managers and supervisors. The interview script had open-ended questions that asked about beliefs and attitudes regarding the wellness program, role expectations to support wellness, and the organizational culture surrounding the wellness program. We worked with the wellness coordinators at each of the four offices to recruit six managers and supervisors to participate in interviews ( n = 24). We conducted interviews over the phone and scheduled them at the convenience of the participant. At the start of each interview, we informed the participant that they were being audio recorded and they could stop the interview at any time. We allotted 30 min for each interview to make sure we did not disrupt their workday. After each interview, we had a quick debrief session with another team member to discuss any issues we encountered in the interview and the overall themes we were hearing from the participant.

We used the key concepts from the interview results to develop a Likert-type scale survey that asked about managers’ and supervisors’ roles and expectations for supporting the wellness program. We made sure the survey was brief (10 questions), used short concise statements, did not use leading questions, and each question asked about one idea at a time. We had the entire research team provide input and feedback on the survey before we built the online version of the survey. We pilot tested the online survey with a few people on our research team to make sure it worked correctly before we approached the employer about disseminating the link to the online survey. We worked with the wellness coordinators and the executive leadership team to identify all managers and supervisors to participate. We used an online survey platform that sent the survey link and message from the email of the executive leader at each office. The email had a short message asking managers and supervisors to complete the online survey. The email also stated that the responses would be confidential and not harm their standing at the company. The online survey platform sent three reminder emails to improve the survey response rate.

  • Make sure to receive IRB approval before beginning any research activities.
  • Work with stakeholders to recruit and enroll study participants.
  • It is necessary to have an open communication channel between the research team and those participating in the research study.

Method in Action

We discussed the interviews as team, weighing the pros and cons of doing in-person interviews versus phone interviews. We ended up conducting the interviews over the phone. This was not ideal, but logistically it was what worked best for our study participants and us. In retrospect, it would have been helpful to see the body language and movements of the people we interviewed. Interviewing people requires more than listening, you have to see what they are doing—shifting in their chair, tugging at hair—to get a better idea of their responses. The phone interviews still provided a lot of great information. We scheduled 30 min for each interview and tried to be respectful of time because the people being interviewed were at work. However, despite our best efforts, some interviews went over the scheduled time. We used a third-party company to transcribe the interview audio recordings. Although it did cost money from the research budget, it saved hours of time and effort. The analysis of the interview data was time-consuming, but fruitful. We had two members of the research team read through the transcripts and code the responses (more about this later). The coding process helped us identify some key concepts that we could use to develop the survey instrument. We had to have discussion as a research team to decide which concepts were more salient than others were.

We collected quantitative data through an online survey. This required getting every managers’ and supervisors’ email address from the employer. We discovered with the offices that had more than 1,000 employees that it can be difficult and time-consuming to track down the email address of every manager and supervisor. We found out later that the list of emails provided to us was not complete. We decided as a research team that with the incomplete email list, we were able to get a large enough sample of managers and supervisors at each of the four offices. We found that the email reminders helped us have an overall good response rate (65%). After each reminder, there was a slight uptick in the responses. The online survey platform we used had limited design options, which made the online survey have a very basic look. However, we decided as a research team to use this survey platform for several reasons: It was free, the data export feature allowed for many statistical packages, and the platform allowed us to send the emails to participants using an alias email from the executive leader at each office. Several online survey platforms allow for designs that look more professional. It is important to weigh the pros and cons of each and pick one that meets the research project needs.

  • No matter how well planned a study is, there are always unexpected issues to address.
  • It is important to involve the entire research team to brainstorm solutions for any issues that arise.
  • Use research methods that accommodate the participants and provide valid results.

Practical Lessons Learned

Phase i: qualitative data.

The first phase we used was in-depth interviews to explore managers’ barriers and facilitators to supporting employee participation in programs. The qualitative analysis used coding techniques to analyze interview transcripts. Coding is the process of breaking down qualitative data by assigning codes to actual statements or phrases from respondents. For example, if a manager stated, “ I just don’t have the time to participate in any activities ,” it was coded as perceived time barriers. Codes were then lumped into broader categories. These categories were decided by asking questions, such as “Under what conditions do managers feel less able to support employee participation in wellness programs?” and “What is the context in which managers provide support for employees’ participation?” It was very helpful to use a conditional matrix to show how categories related to one another and help facilitate how categories may or may not be related (see Table 1 ).

Every researcher has their own perspective they bring to coding, whether it is previous research experience, prior background of the research topic, or a personal worldview ( Creswell, 2011 ). During the qualitative phase, we used multiple qualitative validation strategies to ensure we had valid results from the interviews. These validation strategies included triangulation of multiple data sources, “peer debriefing” sessions, and member checking participants’ views of the credibility of the findings and interpretations. We triangulated data we collected from the wellness coordinators with the interview data from managers and supervisors. This helped us understand whether what we were hearing from managers and supervisors aligned with the policies and activities described to us by wellness coordinators. We had debriefing sessions after every interview, where we discussed what went well, what went bad, and what themes we were hearing. For example, in one interview, a participant seemed frustrated by a question and responded in a hostile manner. The interviewer took steps to provide clarity and defuse the situation. After we analyzed all the interviews, we provided a summary of results to each office to have the wellness coordinators and executive leadership check the credibility of the findings and our interpretations. We also checked the qualitative reliability, which is the dependability of results or stability of responses to multiple coders of the data. For this, we had two independent coders independently code three transcripts. After initial coding, the researchers convened to discuss results and seek agreement on the codes and categories. This allowed us to develop codes and categories that could refined throughout the analysis process.

Phase II: Quantitative Data

The first stage of survey instrument development was the creation of survey items using the results from the qualitative phase. We made sure to use short and simple statements in a familiar language. The consistency of the survey items in terms of perspective was considered, for example, items assessing beliefs were not to be mixed with items assessing attitudes. Survey items addressed one construct at a time and provided adequate variance in responses. Leading questions were avoided in an effort to avoid bias in responses. The number of items was an important consideration for creating a survey instrument. We knew that participants would be answering surveys while they were at work, so the survey needed to be as short as possible to minimize response bias and to avoid boredom or fatigue. We used Likert-type scales with multiple points ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. For questions that may not apply to all respondents, we added an option for “ Not applicable .” The objective of the manager survey was to generate quantitative data that could extend and generalize the findings from the qualitative interviews. The goal was to generate quantitative data on the phenomenon of interest and not to make group comparisons. We did not do any hypothesis testing. The quantitative analysis used descriptive methods to summarize survey findings. The descriptive statistics included response frequencies (number and percentage) and basic demographic information on survey respondents (age, gender, job title) stratified by office.

To ensure the quality of the quantitative findings, the survey instrument was tested for reliability and validity. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine item loadings, inter-item correlations, and the correlation matrix in relation to the underlying theory. This was done by looking at eigenvalues and scree tests of the percentage of variance that is explained by that item (>60%) and keeping items that clearly load on a single factor (>.40). We found that the survey had acceptable internal consistency and content validity, which was assessed using the reliability measure to calculate Cronbach’s alpha (>.70).

Integrating and Interpreting

The most important step in mixed methods is integrating and interpreting the qualitative and quantitative data. To do this, we had two researchers combine the findings into a cohesive summary report. The report described the qualitative findings and summarized the quantitative findings, and then provided an overall reflection of the main themes found. This summary report was sent to the rest of the research team to get their feedback and overall impressions. Specific questions we asked ourselves during this process included whether these findings add a substantive contribution to the understanding of the research problem, does the creative analytical process open up the text and invite interpretive responses, and does the work generate new questions or motivate additional research in this area. When we came to consensus on what the findings were saying, we provided the summary report to the wellness coordinators and executive leadership at each office to get their overall impressions and feedback. The overall consensus from our stakeholders was positive and affirming that we had stayed true to the data.

  • Qualitative data analysis requires time and detail from the researcher. Make sure to employ multiple validation and reliability strategies when you use qualitative data methods.
  • Quantitative data collection tools (i.e., surveys) need to be tested for reliability and validity to ensure the results are robust.
  • The interpretation and integration of qualitative and quantitative is an iterative process that requires refinement and validation. It is important that two or more researchers are involved in this process.
  • Involve research stakeholders throughout the research study. Stakeholders can be a vital source of information and can help validate findings.

Through our mixed methods research project, we learned a lot about our research topic and our population of interest. The qualitative interviews provided in-depth knowledge about the beliefs and attitudes of managers and supervisors. We learned that most of them are supportive of wellness programs but felt limited by time and role expectations to be more supportive. Some of the managers and supervisors in our population were doing a lot to support their employees and provided several great examples of this. For example, one manager held walking meetings and encouraged employees to exercise on their lunch breaks. Other managers and supervisors felt they had to walk a fine line between being intrusive in employees’ personal health and supporting the wellness program. The quantitative surveys further solidified what we were hearing in the interviews. One of the most interesting findings from the survey was the difference in responses stratified by management level. For example, most executive-level managers reported that their direct supervisor encourages their personal wellness efforts, but less than half of middle and line managers reported this. We also found that most managers and supervisors had not received training on the wellness program.

Without the qualitative interviews, we would not have known what questions to ask managers and supervisors. The interviews were an important source of information for us to draw from. The interviews helped us create a survey that provided meaningful data on the research topic. The survey revealed differences in responses by management level, which we would not have known based on interviews alone. This project would not have been as informative without the use of both methods. We worked with the employer to develop an online training specifically for managers and supervisors. The training provided an overview of the wellness program and practical ways they could help support their employees’ participation in the wellness program. We used the data from the interviews and surveys to outline the topic areas of the training. We found in our project that both qualitative and quantitative data yielded a more complete understanding on the research topic and it helped guide us when designing our intervention.

  • Sequential Exploratory mixed methods can provide insight into an unknown topic and build evidence for an emerging topic.
  • Mixed method designs may be a useful tool for developing public health interventions.

Classroom Discussion Questions

  • 1. How might you use mixed methods in your area of interest?
  • 2. Why would collecting qualitative and quantitative data be useful?
  • 3. What are the strengths and limitations of qualitative data?
  • 4. What are the strengths and limitations of quantitative data?

Multiple Choice Quiz Questions

1. Qualitative methods include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Incorrect Answer

Feedback: This is not the correct answer. The correct answer is B.

Correct Answer

Feedback: Well done, correct answer.

2. When writing survey questions, it is important to do all the following, EXCEPT:

Feedback: This is not the correct answer. The correct answer is C.

3. What is the purpose of the IRB?

Feedback: This is not the correct answer. The correct answer is A.

4. Who is a research stakeholder?

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

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What is case study research?

Last updated

8 February 2023

Reviewed by

Cathy Heath

Suppose a company receives a spike in the number of customer complaints, or medical experts discover an outbreak of illness affecting children but are not quite sure of the reason. In both cases, carrying out a case study could be the best way to get answers.

Organization

Case studies can be carried out across different disciplines, including education, medicine, sociology, and business.

Most case studies employ qualitative methods, but quantitative methods can also be used. Researchers can then describe, compare, evaluate, and identify patterns or cause-and-effect relationships between the various variables under study. They can then use this knowledge to decide what action to take. 

Another thing to note is that case studies are generally singular in their focus. This means they narrow focus to a particular area, making them highly subjective. You cannot always generalize the results of a case study and apply them to a larger population. However, they are valuable tools to illustrate a principle or develop a thesis.

Analyze case study research

Dovetail streamlines case study research to help you uncover and share actionable insights

  • What are the different types of case study designs?

Researchers can choose from a variety of case study designs. The design they choose is dependent on what questions they need to answer, the context of the research environment, how much data they already have, and what resources are available.

Here are the common types of case study design:

Explanatory

An explanatory case study is an initial explanation of the how or why that is behind something. This design is commonly used when studying a real-life phenomenon or event. Once the organization understands the reasons behind a phenomenon, it can then make changes to enhance or eliminate the variables causing it. 

Here is an example: How is co-teaching implemented in elementary schools? The title for a case study of this subject could be “Case Study of the Implementation of Co-Teaching in Elementary Schools.”

Descriptive

An illustrative or descriptive case study helps researchers shed light on an unfamiliar object or subject after a period of time. The case study provides an in-depth review of the issue at hand and adds real-world examples in the area the researcher wants the audience to understand. 

The researcher makes no inferences or causal statements about the object or subject under review. This type of design is often used to understand cultural shifts.

Here is an example: How did people cope with the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami? This case study could be titled "A Case Study of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and its Effect on the Indonesian Population."

Exploratory

Exploratory research is also called a pilot case study. It is usually the first step within a larger research project, often relying on questionnaires and surveys . Researchers use exploratory research to help narrow down their focus, define parameters, draft a specific research question , and/or identify variables in a larger study. This research design usually covers a wider area than others, and focuses on the ‘what’ and ‘who’ of a topic.

Here is an example: How do nutrition and socialization in early childhood affect learning in children? The title of the exploratory study may be “Case Study of the Effects of Nutrition and Socialization on Learning in Early Childhood.”

An intrinsic case study is specifically designed to look at a unique and special phenomenon. At the start of the study, the researcher defines the phenomenon and the uniqueness that differentiates it from others. 

In this case, researchers do not attempt to generalize, compare, or challenge the existing assumptions. Instead, they explore the unique variables to enhance understanding. Here is an example: “Case Study of Volcanic Lightning.”

This design can also be identified as a cumulative case study. It uses information from past studies or observations of groups of people in certain settings as the foundation of the new study. Given that it takes multiple areas into account, it allows for greater generalization than a single case study. 

The researchers also get an in-depth look at a particular subject from different viewpoints.  Here is an example: “Case Study of how PTSD affected Vietnam and Gulf War Veterans Differently Due to Advances in Military Technology.”

Critical instance

A critical case study incorporates both explanatory and intrinsic study designs. It does not have predetermined purposes beyond an investigation of the said subject. It can be used for a deeper explanation of the cause-and-effect relationship. It can also be used to question a common assumption or myth. 

The findings can then be used further to generalize whether they would also apply in a different environment.  Here is an example: “What Effect Does Prolonged Use of Social Media Have on the Mind of American Youth?”

Instrumental

Instrumental research attempts to achieve goals beyond understanding the object at hand. Researchers explore a larger subject through different, separate studies and use the findings to understand its relationship to another subject. This type of design also provides insight into an issue or helps refine a theory. 

For example, you may want to determine if violent behavior in children predisposes them to crime later in life. The focus is on the relationship between children and violent behavior, and why certain children do become violent. Here is an example: “Violence Breeds Violence: Childhood Exposure and Participation in Adult Crime.”

Evaluation case study design is employed to research the effects of a program, policy, or intervention, and assess its effectiveness and impact on future decision-making. 

For example, you might want to see whether children learn times tables quicker through an educational game on their iPad versus a more teacher-led intervention. Here is an example: “An Investigation of the Impact of an iPad Multiplication Game for Primary School Children.” 

  • When do you use case studies?

Case studies are ideal when you want to gain a contextual, concrete, or in-depth understanding of a particular subject. It helps you understand the characteristics, implications, and meanings of the subject.

They are also an excellent choice for those writing a thesis or dissertation, as they help keep the project focused on a particular area when resources or time may be too limited to cover a wider one. You may have to conduct several case studies to explore different aspects of the subject in question and understand the problem.

  • What are the steps to follow when conducting a case study?

1. Select a case

Once you identify the problem at hand and come up with questions, identify the case you will focus on. The study can provide insights into the subject at hand, challenge existing assumptions, propose a course of action, and/or open up new areas for further research.

2. Create a theoretical framework

While you will be focusing on a specific detail, the case study design you choose should be linked to existing knowledge on the topic. This prevents it from becoming an isolated description and allows for enhancing the existing information. 

It may expand the current theory by bringing up new ideas or concepts, challenge established assumptions, or exemplify a theory by exploring how it answers the problem at hand. A theoretical framework starts with a literature review of the sources relevant to the topic in focus. This helps in identifying key concepts to guide analysis and interpretation.

3. Collect the data

Case studies are frequently supplemented with qualitative data such as observations, interviews, and a review of both primary and secondary sources such as official records, news articles, and photographs. There may also be quantitative data —this data assists in understanding the case thoroughly.

4. Analyze your case

The results of the research depend on the research design. Most case studies are structured with chapters or topic headings for easy explanation and presentation. Others may be written as narratives to allow researchers to explore various angles of the topic and analyze its meanings and implications.

In all areas, always give a detailed contextual understanding of the case and connect it to the existing theory and literature before discussing how it fits into your problem area.

  • What are some case study examples?

What are the best approaches for introducing our product into the Kenyan market?

How does the change in marketing strategy aid in increasing the sales volumes of product Y?

How can teachers enhance student participation in classrooms?

How does poverty affect literacy levels in children?

Case study topics

Case study of product marketing strategies in the Kenyan market

Case study of the effects of a marketing strategy change on product Y sales volumes

Case study of X school teachers that encourage active student participation in the classroom

Case study of the effects of poverty on literacy levels in children

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  • Exploratory Research | Definition, Guide, & Examples

Exploratory Research | Definition, Guide, & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 20 January 2023.

Exploratory research is a methodology approach that investigates topics and research questions that have not previously been studied in depth.

Exploratory research is often qualitative in nature. However, a study with a large sample conducted in an exploratory manner can be quantitative as well. It is also often referred to as interpretive research or a grounded theory approach due to its flexible and open-ended nature.

Table of contents

When to use exploratory research, exploratory research questions, exploratory research data collection, step-by-step example of exploratory research, exploratory vs explanatory research, advantages and disadvantages of exploratory research, frequently asked questions about exploratory research.

Exploratory research is often used when the issue you’re studying is new or when the data collection process is challenging for some reason.

You can use this type of research if you have a general idea or a specific question that you want to study but there is no preexisting knowledge or paradigm with which to study it.

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Exploratory research questions are designed to help you understand more about a particular topic of interest. They can help you connect ideas to understand the groundwork of your analysis without adding any preconceived notions or assumptions yet.

Here are some examples:

  • What effect does using a digital notebook have on the attention span of primary schoolers?
  • What factors influence mental health in undergraduates?
  • What outcomes are associated with an authoritative parenting style?
  • In what ways does the presence of a non-native accent affect intelligibility?
  • How can the use of a grocery delivery service reduce food waste in single-person households?

Collecting information on a previously unexplored topic can be challenging. Exploratory research can help you narrow down your topic and formulate a clear hypothesis , as well as giving you the ‘lay of the land’ on your topic.

Data collection using exploratory research is often divided into primary and secondary research methods, with data analysis following the same model.

Primary research

In primary research, your data is collected directly from primary sources : your participants. There is a variety of ways to collect primary data.

Some examples include:

  • Survey methodology: Sending a survey out to the student body asking them if they would eat vegan meals
  • Focus groups: Compiling groups of 8–10 students and discussing what they think of vegan options for dining hall food
  • Interviews: Interviewing students entering and exiting the dining hall, asking if they would eat vegan meals

Secondary research

In secondary research, your data is collected from preexisting primary research, such as experiments or surveys.

Some other examples include:

  • Case studies : Health of an all-vegan diet
  • Literature reviews : Preexisting research about students’ eating habits and how they have changed over time
  • Online polls, surveys, blog posts, or interviews; social media: Have other universities done something similar?

For some subjects, it’s possible to use large- n government data, such as the decennial census or yearly American Community Survey (ACS) open-source data.

How you proceed with your exploratory research design depends on the research method you choose to collect your data. In most cases, you will follow five steps.

We’ll walk you through the steps using the following example.

Therefore, you would like to focus on improving intelligibility instead of reducing the learner’s accent.

Step 1: Identify your problem

The first step in conducting exploratory research is identifying what the problem is and whether this type of research is the right avenue for you to pursue. Remember that exploratory research is most advantageous when you are investigating a previously unexplored problem.

Step 2: Hypothesise a solution

The next step is to come up with a solution to the problem you’re investigating. Formulate a hypothetical statement to guide your research.

Step 3. Design your methodology

Next, conceptualise your data collection and data analysis methods and write them up in a research design.

Step 4: Collect and analyse data

Next, you proceed with collecting and analysing your data so you can determine whether your preliminary results are in line with your hypothesis.

In most types of research, you should formulate your hypotheses a priori and refrain from changing them due to the increased risk of Type I errors and data integrity issues. However, in exploratory research, you are allowed to change your hypothesis based on your findings, since you are exploring a previously unexplained phenomenon that could have many explanations.

Step 5: Avenues for future research

Decide if you would like to continue studying your topic. If so, it is likely that you will need to change to another type of research. As exploratory research is often qualitative in nature, you may need to conduct quantitative research with a larger sample size to achieve more generalisable results.

It can be easy to confuse exploratory research with explanatory research. To understand the relationship, it can help to remember that exploratory research lays the groundwork for later explanatory research.

Exploratory research investigates research questions that have not been studied in depth. The preliminary results often lay the groundwork for future analysis.

Explanatory research questions tend to start with ‘why’ or ‘how’, and the goal is to explain why or how a previously studied phenomenon takes place.

Exploratory vs explanatory research

Like any other research design , exploratory research has its trade-offs: it provides a unique set of benefits but also comes with downsides.

  • It can be very helpful in narrowing down a challenging or nebulous problem that has not been previously studied.
  • It can serve as a great guide for future research, whether your own or another researcher’s. With new and challenging research problems, adding to the body of research in the early stages can be very fulfilling.
  • It is very flexible, cost-effective, and open-ended. You are free to proceed however you think is best.

Disadvantages

  • It usually lacks conclusive results, and results can be biased or subjective due to a lack of preexisting knowledge on your topic.
  • It’s typically not externally valid and generalisable, and it suffers from many of the challenges of qualitative research .
  • Since you are not operating within an existing research paradigm, this type of research can be very labour-intensive.

Exploratory research is a methodology approach that explores research questions that have not previously been studied in depth. It is often used when the issue you’re studying is new, or the data collection process is challenging in some way.

You can use exploratory research if you have a general idea or a specific question that you want to study but there is no preexisting knowledge or paradigm with which to study it.

Exploratory research explores the main aspects of a new or barely researched question.

Explanatory research explains the causes and effects of an already widely researched question.

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to test a hypothesis by systematically collecting and analysing data, while qualitative methods allow you to explore ideas and experiences in depth.

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George, T. (2023, January 20). Exploratory Research | Definition, Guide, & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 22 February 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/exploratory-research-design/

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