meaning report bug

A software bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result or to behave in unintended ways.

So in short, this means:

A software bug is an error, flaw, failure, or fault that produces an incorrect or unexpected result.

Basically, a software bug is something which is not working as designed .

Why is called a bug then? The origin of a bug.

You might wonder, why a bug is called a bug? It’s a great question, because the term bug, describing a software error or failure goes way back to 1945. In late 1945, at the University of Harvard, a technical team found something unusual between points in Relay70. They found a real dead bug (the animal) which caused an error.

As stated in the bug log, it’s the “ first actual case of bug being found “.

So, in theory, a bug is something not working as designed .

But what if something is not designed as it should be ? Is it a bug then? As you can see, this question alone leaves a lot of room for interpretation.

No matter if you’re a developer, designer or user of the software. Chances are high that you’ve stumbled upon a bug in the past, or maybe you even caused a bug yourself.

dashboard showing important customer feedback

But we need a bug report definition!

So here’s the core question: What is a bug report?

If bugs occur (which they certainly do), the person finding the bug should be able to report (document & send) the bug to people in charge of fixing that error or failure.

According to Yegor , a bug report “ should explain how exactly the product is broken. ”

He continues that the report should follow this simple formula:

“This is what we have, this is what we should have instead, so fix it.”

This sounds easy, right? In practice though, a bug report (and what documentation is included) isn’t that clear.

Imagine you encountered a bug and wanted to send in a report. What information would you include? I guess everyone would answer that differently.

In the past, bug reports were lengthy forms including various fields and data requests. What’s the priority of the error? What’s the problem description? What are the components? Which browser version are you using? And so on…

Why are bug reports important?

It is of utmost importance to report bugs . This is because the developers must be informed of the problem and how it appears to begin the testing procedure. If the development team is uninformed, the issue will be there for a longer period of time, and the repair process will be greatly slowed. It also has to be said that bugs do not eliminate themselves, which means not reporting it now would mean reporting it later, which just induces more delays.

If this is an application that is frequently utilized, the quality of the user experience will be reduced. In rare situations, however, if the error created is serious, the program may become completely useless to you. So, it is better to report any issue or bug that crops up during usage as soon as possible, as the earlier, the better. You will be able to enjoy the program for a longer period of time, and the program will be more stable and offer better service to users for a longer period of time.

Reporting bugs can also help to avoid some significant problems in the future. By informing the development team about a minor bug, you may be contributing to the avoidance of other related issues. Think of it this way: a leaking pipe in your home, if ignored for a long time, could get your home flooded.

What’s The Best Way to Solve a Bug Report

– identify the problem clearly..

To begin with, your software bug reporting should clearly and properly state the issue you want to express to developers. Sounds simple, yeah? Well, a large number of people do not see it this way. Most people write bug reports that fail to talk about the bug in the first place.

It would be better to write exactly what the bug did, how it came to be, and what exactly you did that caused it to show up. Until you do that, its’s just a report, and definitely not a bug report.

– Prepare individual bug reports rather than conjoined bugs report

Addressing different bug issues in just one software bug report can induce confusion and misunderstanding with ease. Create individual bug reports for each issue. This way, you can provide more details in each report. This will be a plus for developers that are to handle the issues.

– Establish how to reproduce the bug

Until the issue is repeatable, it is not a bg. It has to occur over and over again, and if it does not, then it might not be a bug. When you know how it came to be, you can report it better, and the developers can address it better.

– Ensure availability after reporting

No matter how well-written a bug report is, if the person who submitted it is not available, it is probably useless. Developers frequently want extra information from the person who submitted the bug report, so ensure you are available to defend what has been written and submitted.

– Record and provide corresponding codes

The code or error message is another important piece of information you need to supply concerning the bug. Software developers can use the error message or code to find and understand the issue.

With this, developers will know exactly what measures to take to quickly address the issue.

– Collect visual evidence

While written details are useful, including visual information in defect reports can help during testing and repairing. You can screen record (or record with your smartphone camera) and send the output along with the report. Screenshots will also be of help.

Good vs. bad bug report

So you might wonder, what’s the difference between a good bug report and a bad one. And why are there so many bad ones out there?

I collected some statements about this issue in order to distinguish between the two of them:

A good bug report:

A bad bug report:

So, how would I sum up my answer to the question: “ What is a bug report? ”

A bug report is something that stores all information needed to document, report and fix problems occurred in software or on a website. And in the best case scenario: This is done in the most efficient manner possible.

I’ve created this bug reporting checklist in order to get a feeling on what questions a bug report must answer.

But.. how to solve a bug report?

Once you’ve received your bug report, it’s now time to inspect the bug, get the team involved, assign responsibilities for the bug, and resolve it. In particular, you can find some of the necessary skills to resolve bugs , but the key that is often missed is closing the feedback loop. Once the bug has been resolved, it’s your company’s job to get back to the customer and say “we heard you, here is our solution to your challenge!” It doesn’t necessarily have to be with an additional NPS question , but at the very least a recognition of the customer’s issue goes a long way to keeping them happy and engaged.

Creating a high-quality bug report

Creating a bug report means creating a report that talks about the characteristics and behavior of the said bug

While a good bug fix report enhances the chances of the problem being repaired, a bad bug report is a waste of time for everyone concerned and can cause confusion and frustration. After testing, the QA team should be able to answer the following questions

– How is the bug affecting the program?

– What causes the bug to manifest?

– What stage of the app process brings up the bug?

All of these should be answered before the bug report is submitted.

What steps should be taken to improve a mediocre bug report?

When information is readily available in the documentation, web developers are able to work more quickly and effectively. The tester should always detail the necessary functionality and how to replicate the problem in the bug description.

We emphasize that all bug reports should be written in a standard format. There should be uniformity in bug report formats across different tracking systems.

What is a bug reporting system?

There are a lot of different expressions used to describe and name a bug reporting system. So here are just a few names:

No matter which name you prefer, a bug reporting system is an application “ that keeps track of reported software bugs ”.

Therefore, a bug reporting software allows you to report, document, store, manage, assign, close & archive the reports. Here’s an example of how a bug report would look like in a bug reporting software:

What are the bug-reporting software available?

There are a wide variety of bug-reporting tools and people. Many different terms are used to describe them such as Defect tracking software, Bug reporter, Testing tools, Bug tracker, Issue tracker, Bug tracking tool, Defect tracker, Bug tracking software, and many more.

Regardless of the name, they facilitate the bug reporting process. Bug tracking is the primary function of any bug reporting system.

Variables such as the number of stored records, level of complexity, and method of storing and tracking faults may vary amongst them.

Usersnap is one of the best bug reporting systems that can help you track bugs easily by taking screenshots of your browser.

The Usersnap bug report tool automatically collects relevant data and guides you through the rest of the bug report process. Using usersnap’s problem reporting methodology, your software team’s efficiency will increase.

Some top bug reporting tools for you to check out:

All in all, I’ve shown you the basics of bugs, bug reports and bug reporting systems. There are a lot of further do’s and don’ts when it comes to the bug reporting workflow, from bugs to no bugs .

This article is brought to you by Usersnap – a visual customer feedback & bug tracking tool, used by software companies like Facebook and Microsoft.

Try an interactive demo of Usersnap – the visual bug reporting solution

Capture user feedback easily. get more insights and make confident product decisions..

And if you’re ready to try out a customer feedback software, Usersnap offers a free trial. Sign up today or book a demo with our feedback specialists.

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Bug Reporting: What is a Bug Report and How to Create Actionable Bug Reports

March 19, 2021

Merrin Hughes

Bug reporting is an essential and continuous aspect of software development. It involves collecting, formatting, storing, and sharing diagnostic information about issues that interfere with the functionality of a website or application.

Without a robust bug reporting system, development teams can struggle to deliver applications that not only work — but work well .

Bug reports use text, image, and video to summarize key data about a problem. Agencies use these reports to review, analyze, and correlate information about the error, as well as to identify and resolve the source of the issue.

Ideally, anyone should be able to submit a bug report. That includes end users and non-technical stakeholders. However, that can sometimes leave your development team in a situation where they don’t have the necessary technical information to fix the problem.

To submit a good bug report, the reporter doesn’t need to know all the technical details. They just need to write a bug report that’s actionable.

This article will teach you how to write effective bug reports that will improve your agency’s bug tracking and ensure better product performance over the long term.

1. Examples of Good Bug Reports

2. 7 Rules for Writing a Good Bug Report

3. Essential Bug Report Details

4. Good Bug Report Vs. Bad Bug Report Format

5. How to Create Actionable Bug Reports with Bug Reporting Systems

6. How to Track Bugs with Bug Reporting Software

7. Conclusion

Examples of Good Bug Reports

Example 1 Bug Title: Increase the size of the hero section. Bug description: Kindly increase the size of the hero section to match the size of the sample website I provided. Expected Result: 1440 x 1024 hero section Actual Result: 1920 x 1200 Device: PC Chrome browser Priority : High Tag : web development Assignee : Front-end developer

Example 2 Bug Title: Fix the hamburger menu to respond to clicks and show the full menu. Bug description: The hamburger menu at the top corner of the website doesn’t open when I click on it. This happened when I viewed the website in mobile view on my Chrome browser. Expected Result: When I click on the hamburger menu, it should display a drop-down list of the website’s pages. Actual Result: The hamburger menu did not open when I clicked it. Device specifications : iPhone 12 Pro, 256GB model Priority : Medium Tag : web development Assignee : John, the front-end developer

7 Rules for Writing a Good Bug Report

Whether you’re learning how to write a web or software bug report for the first time or just need some pointers, here are the rules behind the most actionable bug reports.

1. Clearly Define the Problem

Actionable bug reports use clear and direct language to state the problem.

Document as much detail about the bug as possible. Include not only what happened, but when it happened. If you took any specific actions before you noticed the bug, describe them.

It’s even better if you can add screenshots, videos, and other visual proof to your bug report. Visual documentation provides more specifics and richer context.

2. Limit Each Bug Report to One Issue

Grouping several different bugs into one report might sound like an efficient approach. In reality, it makes it harder for the developer to isolate and identify the information they need to resolve an individual bug.

Give each bug its own report. This streamlines the developer’s focus and workflow. It also prevents them from accidentally conflating unrelated information from two or more distinct bugs.

3. Explain How to Reproduce the Bug

Every good bug report explains to the developer how they can recreate the reported problem.

The scientific method is a helpful way to think about bug reporting: the bug needs to be provable. By documenting how to recreate the bug, the developer can use that information to reproduce the bug and study its causation.

Include links and any other relevant information about where the bug was found. If the bug only happens when you take action Y, but not when you take action X, state that in the report.

4. Expected Results Vs. Actual Results

In order to qualify as a bug, the issue has to involve actual results that don’t match the results that were expected.

In other words, it’s a bug if the actual result is not only different than expected, but also has an adverse impact. Either the product has failed to fulfill a specific expectation, or it’s producing an undesired outcome.

Consider the repercussions of the bug. For example, does it slow down the web application’s response time? Does it limit features that support the overall user experience? Explain how the bug prevents the product from delivering the results that were desired.

5. Follow Up and Provide Clarity When Requested

After you submit a bug report, make yourself available to the development team for any follow-up questions. They may also need to work with you to further test the issue and verify that their proposed solution has actually fixed the problem.

Respond promptly and provide clarity where necessary. Keep in mind that the more accurate and detailed your bug report, the less likely the dev team will be to ask for more information.

6. Record and Provide Corresponding Codes, If You Can

If relevant, include the bug’s error code or message in your report. This makes it easier for the software developer to find and debug the problem.

Some products and services are programmed with generic error messages. However, generic messages are not always specific enough to aid the crash reporting process.

If your developers built the product with error codes , include the relevant error code in your bug report. The error codes are there for a reason: to help the developers identify and correlate common problems.

7. Collect Visual Evidence

When it comes to reporting bugs, a picture really is worth a thousand words. One or two screenshots can sometimes be more than enough to summarize the problem.

Enclosing visual evidence with your bug report reduces the likelihood that it will be misunderstood. Whenever possible, always attach an image or recording of the problem you experienced.

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Essential Bug Report Details

To improve communication and reduce misunderstandings, organize your bug reports to include the following sections:

1. Bug Identification Numbers

As described earlier, some products include error codes or bug identification numbers for common and expected problems.

Bug reports often have long names that reflect the bug’s context. Keep communication with your team as simple and straightforward as possible by using the bug ID number to refer to the problem.

2. Bug Title

Even though bug ID numbers are easier to reference, bug report titles still matter. Make sure your report’s title is descriptive enough that the reader doesn’t have to review the report every time in order to know what type of problem it’s describing.

The bug report title should also tell the reader whether this is a new bug, or a bug that has been previously reported or fixed.

3. Priority

Not all bugs are equal. Assign a priority rating to your bug report to let the developers know how urgent it is.

You can use numbers or keywords to rate the bug report’s priority. For example: 1 through 10, or low priority to high priority. Clear-cut priority ratings will support your development team’s ability to fix the most disruptive bugs first.

4. Platform/Environment

Actionable bug reports include device and operating system details, as well as information about the browser configuration in use when the bug was detected.

Some bugs occur under specific conditions. Without information about the OS or browser configuration, the developers may be unable to create the reported bug — making it much harder for them to fix the problem.

When BugHerd users report a bug, they don’t have to fumble to find metadata about the device or operating system. Our bug tracking tool automatically updates the report with essential technical details. This automation comes in handy for clients and other product testers who may not have much technical knowledge.

5. Description

Use the description section to cover any details that were not already included in the other sections of the bug report.

Your description should summarize the what, how, and when behind the bug. It helps the developer by providing deeper context about the conditions that created the bug.

A good description doesn’t have to be technical. It just needs to be clear, accurate, and informative.

6. Steps for Reproducing the Bug

As we covered earlier, the most actionable bug reports explain what steps need to be taken to reproduce the problem . Use the “Steps to Reproduce” section to describe specific action steps with clear, direct language.

For example:

Open the website in mobile view

Click on the Hamburger menu

The Hamburger menu does not open when clicked

The above steps are actionable because they tell the reader exactly what to do.

Avoid vague instructions or ambiguities, like “Try to open the website menu and see what happens.” This fails to inform your dev team if the problem is happening in desktop or mobile view (browser details), which menu has the bug (feature details), and what the actual bug or issue is (the actual outcome versus the expected outcome).

7. Visual Evidence

Your bug report will be more actionable if you include an image or video recording of the instance of failure. If possible, annotate or highlight the image to draw attention to specific error messages or buggy features.

Check Out: 5 Benefits of Design Thinking for Website Design and Development

Good Bug Report Vs. Bad Bug Report Format

Now that you understand what information goes into an actionable bug report, let’s talk about formatting.

Format your report so that it emphasizes information according to a strict hierarchy. Start with the basics (bug ID, bug title, reporter name, submission date) and build up to the other details (description, steps to reproduce, actual vs. expected results) It should be easy to scan the report and find the most important information.

Below is an example of a well-organized bug report format.

The following is an example of a bug report that lacks proper formatting and information.

It can take time to develop a useful bug report. Thankfully, you don’t have to create yours from scratch. Open a BugHerd account to allow your team and clients to install BugHerd on their browsers for faster, seamless bug reporting.

BugHerd automates the bug reporting and issue tracking processes by documenting key metadata. Your bug reports will be faster to make and easier for everyone on your team to read.

Here’s an example of how BugHerd organizes the information in a bug report. We think it’s pretty good, if we say so ourselves.

Also: 11 Action Steps to Better Agency Operations

How to Create Actionable Bug Reports with Bug Reporting Systems

Bug reporting systems take the hassle out of the process. All you need to do to get started is install the software or open the web platform.

There are several bug reporting systems out there. The best ones are easy-to-use for non-technical users, portable, and allow unlimited bug tracking.

Pay attention to the function of the bug-reporting system you want to use. By function, bug tracking software allows you to report, document, store, manage, assign, close, and archive the reports.

BugHerd is a powerful bug reporting software for web development projects. Use it to collect feedback from QAs and clients during software testing and development. BugHerd’s issue management system is perfect for tracking the resolution of a reported bug.

If you’re working on a mobile app, consider using Jira or any software project management app that has native bug reporting templates.

How to Track Bugs with Bug Reporting Software

You need an active BugHerd account to report bugs and manage each of your projects’ bug reports.

BugHerd is best suited for web applications and offers several integrations as well. Account holders can install the BugHerd browser extension for Chrome, use the BugHerd platform, or install BugHerd on their website. You will need access to the website code to install BugHerd using javascript.

After setting up your BugHerd account, create a project file for the website in development. All feedback, bugs, and feature requests for the project will be stored here.

Visit the website you want to review, then click the BugHerd extension to activate the sidebar. The sidebar contains action buttons to help you create a bug report, make a screen recording, or make a feature request.

Click “log a new issue” to open the bug reporting template. The software takes a screenshot when you click the report button.

Fill the text box with a description of the issue. Assign the task, set the issue priority, and add a tag. Click the screenshot to add annotations for easier understanding.

After completing the report and annotating the image, click “create task” to report the bug.

The reported bug will remain open until the development team completes the task. Any time you visit the website, you will see the task pinned to the section of the website where the problem was discovered.

Now that you know how to create an actionable bug report, every bug you encounter becomes an opportunity to perfect your new skill. Repetition is key. Practice as much as you can — your website builds will be better off for it.

If you need to create and track several reports, or provide your customers with a more visual and intuitive feedback system, use BugHerd to simplify the process. Happy bug reporting!

Next: 13-Step Checklist for Website Requirements Documentation

Best Online Annotation Tools for Client Feedback

How to Reduce Costs and Increase Efficiency in Website Development with Bug Reporting Software

The 9 Most Useful Asana Integrations for Agencies

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How to write a bug report effectively: examples and templates

Dan Makarov is a co-founder at Bird Eats Bug.

Published on

How to write a bug report effectively: examples and templates

Learn how to write an effective bug report that will make your engineers love you.

Bug reports are a necessary part of any software development process. The report is the primary communication between an engineer and their stakeholders about what's broken, why it's broken, and how to fix it. However, most people don't know how to write a bug report effectively. This article will help you learn the art of writing a good bug report by giving you examples and templates for your reference. We've also included copy-paste and downloadable bug reporting templates in this article that you can use or edit as needed.

Bug report format

Information to include in the bug ticket

Comparison table showing the easy and traditional types of information to include in a bug ticket.e

Best practices for filing bug tickets

The most important thing to understand when reporting a bug is that the reader should be able to reproduce it on their computer with only the information you provided. If you are unable to reproduce the bug before filing the bug ticket, try providing as much details about what led up to and happened during this issue (i.e. what actions you were performing, time when it happened, etc.)

Briefly describe the bug, i.e. "Calculator: incorrect result of multiplication". Try to be concise, but specific here. For example, "Broken landing page" doesn't help the reader understand whether the issue has already been reported and what exactly is wrong: Is it not accessible? Is the layout broken? Is it just a typo in one of the headlines?

Steps to reproduce the bug

Describe what actions you took before you encountered a bug. It can look something like this:

It is best to try and reproduce the bug yourself before filing a bug ticket. That way you can be sure that the steps provided will lead to a bug you are reporting.

Resulting and expected behaviour

Specify what happened compared to what you expected to happen. Examples:

Screen recording or screenshot

Screen recording/screenshot/technical data: mac/windows/linux/ chrome os.

The fastest way to make a screen recording or screenshot for a bug report is to use a dedicated tool like Bird Eats Bug . Together with the video and screenshot, it automatically captures technical information that will help engineers fix the problem a lot quicker. This way you also don't need to worry about providing system information and typing up steps to reproduce the bug - they will be documented automatically as well.

A screenshot of a bird eats bug session example

Screen recording: Mac/Windows

There are many screen recording tools for you to choose from. Mac users can use QuickTime (see tutorial here ) or by pressing Shift-Command-5. On Windows 10 you can use the Xbox app (see tutorial here ).

Screenshots: Mac/Windows

In certain cases (i.e. typo on a landing page) there's no need to record a video - a screenshot is sufficient. There are tools built into your operating system. See how to make a screenshot on a Mac here , Windows - here .

Technical data

In some cases, you need to provide console logs and network data to help developers investigate bugs faster. There are two ways to capture such technical data on Mac/Windows:

System information

Operating system (including version): Click here to find out this information. Browser (including version): Click here to find out this information. Engine Screen and window size Device: Desktop / Tablet / Mobile Time (including time zone): At least approximate time when you encountered a bug.

screenshot of system info from a bug report created using Bird Eats Bug

Test Data [If relevant]

Sometimes, bugs are only reproducible with some specific test data such as an existing user account, an uploaded image, an import file, browser extension or the combination of specific conditions. In order to reproduce the bug, we need to provide such data so that engineers can use it to replicate the issue or locate the data in the system to understand the problem.

Impact [If known]

In case you know how many people are affected by the bug or how much revenue is being lost because of the bug, provide this information. It will help engineers and product managers assign the correct priority.

Bug reporting: the easy way

If you want to simplify filing bug tickets and provide more information to the engineers at the same time, you can quickly add Bird Eats Bug to your browser (Install the Bird Eats Bug Chrome extension and open right away when recording a bug). That way you will not need to provide any steps to reproduce the bug , system information , console logs, network information, or upload a separate file with a video or a screenshot.

Record the bug and share with your team

You can make a recording right from your browser (no need to install or open a separate application) and then simply send a link to the engineers or product managers. Alternatively, you can include the link to the recording in the bug ticket.

Help engineers understand and fix the bug faster

Because all the technical data will be recorded automatically, you will also avoid situations when more information is requested by the reader. Below you can see the types of information collected without any work from your side.

Screenshot showing all the technical data that Bird Eats Bug automatically captures in a recording.

You can learn more about how to report bugs with Bird Eats Bug here .

Bug report template: Jira

Jira report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way.

Bug report template: GitHub

GitHub report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

If your team is using GitHub for tracking development issues and bug reporting, you can copy the text below and paste it into a GitHub issue. It will automatically be formatted as you can see in the picture above.

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs to GitHub the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way

Bug report template: GitLab

GitLab report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

For Bug reporting with GitLab, you need to copy the text below and paste it into a new GitLab bug ticket. Once you hit save save, the correct formatting will automatically be applied.

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs to GitLab the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way

Bug report template: Trello

Trello report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

You've been using Trello to handle bugs? Copy the text below and paste it into a card. It will automatically be formatted as you can see in this picture above, or create your own template from this card for future use. ‍

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs to Trello the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way

Bug report template: Asana

Asana report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

In case your company is using Asana, copy the text below and paste it into a new ticket. The formatting will be exactly the same as shown in the picture above.

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs to Asana the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way

Bug report template: E-mail

Email bug report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

If you are not sure what bug tracking software your development team is using, you can send your report via E-mail. It is best to send it to a Product Manager. They would be able to quickly evaluate if it's a known bug, help you find a workaround and prioritise the bug ticket. You can copy and paste one of the templates below into Gmail, Outlook or any other E-mail client you use.

Comparison table of steps required when reporting bugs via email the traditional way vs the easy using Bird way

If you are using Gmail, you can also save this template for future use. This way you will always have the information pre-filled. For that you just need to save it as a canned response. See how to do it here .

Bug report template in Excel and Google Drive (Sheets & Docs)

Google Sheets or Google Docs bug report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

Google Drive templates can be a good way to report a bug to your product team. They will provide engineers and PMs with very structured information. You can choose the format you prefer (either Google Sheets or Google Docs), make a copy of the document and customize it for your own needs.

Go to Free Google Sheet Bug Report Template

Go to Free Google Docs Bug Report Template

Bug report template: Microsoft Office (Excel & Word)

Excel or Microsoft Word bug report template for a Bird Eats Bug user.

Go to Free Excel bug report template

Go to Free Word bug report template

Performing exploratory testing ? Click to download our exploratory testing template .

Final thoughts.

All in all, it is important to provide as much detail about the bug you experience so that engineers can quickly reproduce and resolve the issue. It also helps engineers get a better estimate of how long the resolution might take. And the more information developers have, the faster they are able to implement a fix. It's not uncommon for product teams to receive like the ones below:

Avoid writing non-descriptive information like the points above at all costs. It will help both you and people, fixing the bug, to save time and frustration. Last but not least, If you found this guide helpful, do share it with your peers who might want to significantly reduce manual work and avoid follow-up questions from engineers.

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Bug tracking is the process of logging and monitoring bugs or errors during software testing . It is also referred to as defect tracking or issue tracking. Large systems may have hundreds or thousands of defects. Each needs to be evaluated, monitored and prioritized for debugging. In some cases, bugs may need to be tracked over a long period of time.

“Defect tracking is an important process in software engineering, as complex and business critical systems have hundreds of defects,” says Tutorials Point. “One of the challenging factors is managing, evaluating and prioritizing these defects. The number of defects gets multiplied over a period of time and to effectively manage them, a defect tracking system is used to make the job easier." 1

A software bug occurs when an application or program doesn’t work the way it is designed to function. Most errors are faults or mistakes made by system architects, designers or developers. Testing teams use bug tracking to monitor and report on errors that occur as an application is developed and tested.

“A major component of a bug tracking system is a database that records facts about known bugs,” says Wikipedia. “Facts may include the time a bug was reported, its severity, the erroneous program behavior and details on how to reproduce the bug; as well as the identity of the person who reported it and any programmers who may be fixing it.” 2

During its lifetime, a single defect may go through several stages or states. They include:

Bugs are managed based on priority and severity. Severity levels help to identify the relative impact of a problem on a product release. These classifications may vary in number, but they generally include some form of the following:

In most cases, states and severity levels are monitored in a bug tracking database. A good tracking platform also ties into larger software development and management systems: the better to assess error status and the potential impact on overall production and timelines.

It is estimated that software developers make 100 to 150 errors for every thousand lines of code. 4 According to a report by the Consortium for IT Software Quality (CISQ): “Even if only a small fraction — say 10 percent — of these errors are serious, then a relatively small application of 20,000 lines of code will have roughly 200 serious coding errors." 5

Software testing is essential for isolating and mitigating errors. A good QA process can uncover hundreds or even thousands of defects, and testing teams need to manage all of them. Integrating bug tracking into the testing workflow improves efficiency by helping testers prioritize, monitor and report on the status of each error.

“Defect tracking helps ensure that bugs found in the system actually get fixed,” says Agile consultant, Yvette Francino. “Tracking tools not only provide a way to ensure follow-through but also provide valuable metrics. Depending on the tool being used, the team can tie defects to changed code, tests or other data that will allow for traceability or analysis on defect trends. If a certain module is riddled with defects, it may be time to review and rewrite that module." 6

Ideally, testing should be done as soon as possible — when bugs are easier and far less costly to fix. An earlier study by IBM found that defects found post-production or after release can cost 15 times more to fix compared to errors resolved early in development.

Many teams are now using a methodology known as continuous testing . In this case, quality testing and feedback are conducted at all stages of development, from design and coding to deployment. Modern technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) too can aid the testing process by detecting and analyzing bugs early in the lifecycle.

See how to get increasingly complicated applications to market faster, with fewer defects and at lower cost.

Quality control is critical for developing robust applications. Software testing, change management and bug tracking tools allow teams to uncover defects, measure their scope and impact — and resolve them.

In the Harvard Business Review, Nicholas Bowen outlines a process for managing defects. The first step is to classify and prioritize: “Generally, teams will prioritize two types of bugs: those that cause a system to crash and those that are less severe but could be pervasive....Next, decide your target response time for each level of severity. If the quality management system is new, then the initial focus should be on fixing the most severe bugs within hours or days. As you use your system, you can gather data on two key metrics, incoming bug rates and the productivity of the bug fixers, and adjust your targets as needed.” He says organizations also need to create a system where defects and the time required to resolve them can be reviewed at all levels, from the CEO on down. 7

A good bug tracking system can assist this process by providing a single workflow for defect monitoring, reporting and lifecycle traceability. It should further link with other management systems for shared visibility and feedback both within software development and the larger organization. IBM Rational ClearQuest , for example, provides a centralized platform for error tracking and reporting. It integrates with other IBM development and change management systems, and helps improve communication and collaboration among developers, operations and broader teams.

As well, look for testing and tracking systems that use AI to detect errors early in the development process. It can optimize the number and types of tests that teams run, automate the testing process and use AI to analyze past defects and prevent them in the future.

Change management software that helps improve developer productivity while accommodating the methodologies, processes and tools that best fit the project and team.

Get test results back to development faster. Reduce risk and cost by fixing defects earlier.

Get comprehensive insights from popular continuous integration and continuous delivery tools to increase the speed, quality and control of your applications.

Learn about the types, benefits and evolution of software testing.

IBM Developer provides the tools to help developers build and maintain software components.

Learn how integrated continuous testing accelerates application development.

1. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_testing_dictionary/defect_logging_and_tracking.htm (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_tracking_system (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/software_testing_dictionary/defect_life_cycle.htm (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

4. https://www.it-cisq.org/the-cost-of-poor-quality-software-in-the-us-a-2018-report/The-Cost-of-Poor-Quality-Software-in-the-US-2018-Report.pdf (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

6. https://techbeacon.com/pros-cons-defect-tracking (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

7. https://hbr.org/2019/09/why-fixing-software-bugs-should-be-the-ceos-problem (Link resides outisde ibm.com)

The ultimate guide to bug reporting

Software bugs are the bane of software development. Pesky and evasive (like their insect counterparts), they only get in the way of a developer’s goals.

A bug will impede the functionality of a piece of software, causing it to operate contrary to the developer’s vision.

To reduce the number of bugs and therefore improve the software’s performance, monitoring and recording them is essential.

That way, developers can systematically clear their software of defects.

This practice is called bug reporting. If you’re unsure how to start, don’t worry, you’re in the right place, as this article is the ultimate guide to bug reporting.

Table of Contents

What is bug reporting

As a general rule, you want as few bugs in your code as possible. A bug is a defect within the software that prevents it from functioning as required.

To remove bugs, developers practice bug reporting —the process of tracking and categorizing errors.

Here’s how Bugherd defined bug reporting :

In other words, a bug report is a detailed description of a bug. It’s a developer’s primary tool when debugging , as the bug report should contain all relevant information.

In fact, the main goal of a bug report is to help the developer get to the bottom of the issue and resolve it.

With that in mind, there are certain characteristics that constitute a good bug report , whereas other elements aren’t as useful.

The graph below illustrates both:

Ideally, with a quality report, bugs won’t persist, and developers will be able to fix them quickly to make sure the software functions properly.

Furthermore, a bug report should be a place of collaboration —a medium for QA testers and developers to work together to solve issues.

Finally, bug reports must contain all the necessary information for debugging. This includes network specifications, steps to reproduce the event, screenshots, etc.

Bug and crash reporting tool for your mobile app.

Without these crucial elements, the bug report isn’t worth much.

To streamline this process, it’s a good idea to compose a standard template . That way, you’ll have set guidelines for writing bug reports.

Here’s an example of a bug report:

As you can see, the report is full of details, containing the bug’s priority, the version it affects, the environment in which it appears, a description, and visual proof.

This example clearly displays all the classical elements a bug report should contain.

What is the bug life cycle

Broadly speaking, there are two types of bugs: open and closed, meaning that a bug is unresolved or resolved.

However, a bug actually experiences a lengthy sequence of states between these two key stages, called the bug life cycle .

For a visual representation, look at the graph below:

A bug’s initial stage is new —the moment when it is identified and reported.

Following this, the bug is assigned. You, the team lead, will assign the error to a developer for fixing.

The developer begins analyzing it and working on debugging. With that action, the bug is now open.

However, your developer might determine the bug is invalid. In that case, they can defer, reject, or declare it either a duplicate or not a bug.

Deferring a bug means postponing addressing it until the next software release. This is reserved for unimportant, minor bugs .

If the developer rejects a bug , they decide it’s not a genuine defect and doesn’t warrant fixing.

A bug is named a duplicate if the developer notices the same bug was already reported previously.

Not a bug is a particular classification for defects that don’t affect the software’s functionality . In other words, if the functionality isn’t compromised, it’s not a bug.

Let’s return to the open bug and assume it is indeed valid. The developer will correct the error , and the bug becomes fixed.

After resolving the issue, the bug is pending retest —a tester must validate the developer’s solution.

The next step is to retest, which is when the tester begins testing the solution. There are two possible outcomes.

If the software is still defective, the bug is reopened , and the developer must start debugging again.

However, if the test is successful, the bug is verified —the tester confirms the bug is no longer in the software.

Lastly, when the bug no longer exists, it can finally be referred to as closed .

Why is bug reporting important

Without bug reporting, your software runs the risk of not performing as it should.

There can be minor issues, such as some visuals not loading correctly, but you can also be dealing with something as major as disabling registration on iOS devices.

And you wouldn’t want to risk alienating all of your Apple users just because a bug didn’t get reported on time.

Any bugs will undoubtedly frustrate your customers and possibly dissuade them from your product. This is especially true with mobile apps, where users are spoiled for choice .

Here are the numbers to prove it:

As you can see, users seldom have the patience for dealing with bugs and would rather abandon an app than wait for its resolution.

This is why bug reporting is crucial: it helps avoid these unpleasant scenarios.

For example, on May 3rd, 2021, the popular app TikTok suffered a significant glitch —it had reset all of its users’ followers to zero. Every single account displayed the wrong follower count.

Understandably irritated, users took to Twitter to recount their experience and demanded that the app giant resolve the issue as soon as possible. Here’s just one customer’s complaint:

TikTok glitch causes users to have 0 followers tweet

You don’t want to cause the same sort of outrage among your customers, which is why it’s essential to stay on top of bugs and report them regularly .

Your users will expect nothing less than perfectly-functioning software.

Bug reporting is what will lead to customer retention . By identifying and clearly describing any errors that occur, a bug report paves the path toward well-performing software solutions.

Yegor Bugayenko , a Director of System Programming Laboratory at Huawei, described a bug reporter’s function best:

Every ticket [bug] is dragging the project from point A, where something is not right, to point B, where it is fixed. Your job, as a ticket [bug] reporter, is to draw that line—clearly and explicitly.

With a well-written bug report, the sooner the issues are corrected, the quicker you can release your software.

How to write a great bug report

Now that we’ve emphasized the importance of quality bug reporting and explained the bug life cycle, there’s one thing left to do—show you how to write a bug report .

There are three main questions the document should answer:

A bug report isn’t helpful unless you’ve addressed the above concerns.

Developers will need to know how the software is behaving as opposed to how it should behave , and the environment in which the bug appears.

Therefore, ensure your team’s reports always contain these three elements—your developers will thank you.

To answer these questions and give developers everything they need, we recommend adopting the following practices.

Create one report per bug

Imagine opening a bug report, and the description reports that certain buttons are unresponsive .

Then the report mentions another button that is responsive, but leads to the wrong page . And, on top of all that, all the buttons are too small .

Most developers would get confused reading such a document. Therefore, it’s advisable to create one report per bug .

Including multiple bugs in one report, however similar the issues are, will likely puzzle and frustrate the developer , impeding their debugging process.

This topic was also discussed in a Quora thread:

-4-what-is-the-best-way-to-create-a-bug-report-multiple-bugs-in-a-single-report-single-bug-in-a-single-report-single-bug-in-multiple-reports-or-some-other-way-quora

According to this developer, the only exception is if the bug reporter is 100% certain that the exact same code has caused multiple bugs.

However, this is quite unlikely, and the reporter would lose time uncovering this information anyway. It’s much easier and faster to simply stick to the one report per bug guideline.

This rule is so essential that Apple has stated they might even reject reports that contain multiple issues:

When a report details multiple bugs, Apple insists it is separated into individual documents. They know that such a convoluted report will only detract from debugging.

Write a detailed description of the bug

A bug report’s primary purpose is to help developers solve errors . To this end, it should be highly detailed to help as much as possible.

For example, the description The login page is not working is not very helpful . The developer will just waste time investigating the issue instead of actually solving the error.

So, what details do developers want to find in a bug report? The graph below depicts all the most essential elements:

At the top should be a title , ideally offering a brief description of the bug.

Following that are the environment specifications (e.g., device type, OS, software version, etc.)

Sometimes the bug only appears after specific actions and can’t be consistently triggered. Reproducibility measures how often the bug appears compared to the number of attempts.

Preconditions detail the prerequisites for a bug to appear, e.g., the WiFi connection.

Steps to reproduce are a massive help for developers, as this information allows them to see the bug themselves.

The expected result vs. the actual result compares how the software currently functions and how it should be functioning.

Finally, the bug’s severity illustrates to what measure the bug affects the software.

Include relevant attachments

Perhaps the easiest method of describing the bug is to present it visually.

This is done by including any relevant attachments such as screenshots, screen recordings, and logs in the bug report.

With an image of the error, the developer sees its impact on the software and can, therefore, better understand the bug.

There are multiple online resources to assist you. For example, Awesome Screenshot is a great tool that enables both screenshots and recordings.

Here’s a preview:

Awesome Screenshot enables both screenshots and recordings

The resource is a two-in-one solution for screenshots and screen recordings, ideal for bug reports.

Logs are also hugely helpful, as they clearly show all the errors that occurred and track a user’s actions. With all this different data, it’s easy to analyze and pinpoint the issue.

For example, here’s a console log:

By examining these logs, developers can dig up the root cause of the bug and uncover where the problem started.

Furthermore, replicating a bug can sometimes be tricky , even when the steps to reproduce it are clearly described.

With a console log, the developer can locate additional information that will help recreate the bug. Such visual attachments are often crucial for correcting the bug.

Use bug reporting software

Although this information might seem a lot to take in, there is software that can streamline the entire process.

With the correct tools , you can essentially automate bug reports and therefore make your developers’ lives much easier.

For example, with Shake , all you need to do is shake your mobile device, and a detailed and thorough bug report will automatically be created and sent to the developers.

Here’s a Shake bug report example:

The report contains screenshots, screen recordings, environment details, logs, steps to reproduce the error, etc.

This is all information the developers will greatly appreciate, and it’s delivered to them effortlessly by simply shaking your device.

Bug and crash reporting tool for apps. That gets you all the data.

If your software is a web application, it’s worth looking into Ybug . Ybug is a website tool which allows end-users to send annotated visual feedback.

However, the software also automatically attaches technical information about the user environment.

You can see the tool in action below:

This resource allows users to submit their feedback, and technical specifications are automatically generated alongside their comments.

Developers will have all the information they need for debugging.

Bug reporting software is a huge advantage, as it significantly accelerates the process and turns manual work into simple automation.

Bug reporting is the process of tracking bugs so as to ultimately remove them from your software.

When bugs are reported, they progress through the bug life cycle from open to closed.

Bug reports should contain one report per bug so as not to confuse the developer. Furthermore, they should provide a detailed bug description and include visual attachments.

However, it’s wise to invest in bug reporting software to automate this entire process.

Apply this newfound knowledge, and your software will soon be bug-free.

About Shake

Shake is a bug and crash reporting tool for mobile apps. It helps developers solve reported issues in their app faster, without having to bother the user.

Meet your favorite bug and crash reporting tool.

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How to Write a Good Bug Report [Step-By-Step Guide]

How-to guides.

How do you write a good bug report? What information should you include, and what’s the best way to report a bug? Fear not: in this blog post, we’ll explore the best practices for bug reporting.

So, you’ve just told your developer team that you found a bug. Instantly, you hear the dreaded reply… “I need more information.”

Before you know it, you’ve got an email thread a million miles long.

You can avoid this situation by writing better, more detailed bug reports from the get-go.

Not to worry: we’ll share some tips and tricks on how to write actionable bug reports that will make your developers love you!

What is a bug report?

Let’s start with the basics: what is an effective bug report?

Bug reports are an unavoidable part of the software development life cycle. They provide information about a problem or issue that occurred in a website or application.

An effective bug report will include a title, bug description, environment information, steps to reproduce, and more—so developers can reproduce and fix the problem.

A high-quality bug report makes all the difference in how fast the bug gets resolved—so let’s have a look at how to do it right!

How to write a good bug report

Developers are often under a ton of pressure to solve issues quickly without actually having a lot of time on their hands.

They usually face two extremes: too much unhelpful information or too little important information .

For every bug report, we highly recommend using a bug tracker like Trello, Jira, Asana, GitHub or GitLab and implementing a consistent, standardized approach.

Here’s how to write a bug report:

1. Title/Bug ID

Keep it short and specific.

Make sure it clearly summarizes what the bug is. Having a clear title on your bug report makes it easier for the developer to find later on and merge any duplicates.

❌ Bad: "I can't see the product when I add it, for some reason I try and it doesn't. WHY? Fix it asap."

✅ Good: “CART - New items added to cart do not appear”

When developers review it, they’ll be able to instantly assess the issue and move on to other elements of the bug report.

If your title isn’t enough, you can add a short report summary. And we mean short.

In as few words as possible, include when and how the bug occurred.

Your title and description may also be used in searches, so make sure you include important keywords.

❌ Bad : "The other day I was trying to add stuff to test and nothing showed up when I did that or clicked on the button."

✅ Good: "On [DATE], I tried adding [PRODUCT] to the cart, nothing happened after clicking the 'add' button on the product overview webpage."

❌ Bad: “The design text on the pricing page looks super weird and doesn't seem right. It shouldn't look that big and should be in a different color.

✅ Good : The headline text size and color on the pricing page don't match the original designs.

3. Visual proof/screenshot

We all know that a picture is worth a thousand words. That stands true for bug reporting.

While it may not tell the whole story, a screenshot or video can add a lot of value by getting your developers to see and understand the problem faster.

Website annotation tools go a long way here to help you drive your point across.

An annotated webpage that clearly shows how to reproduce the bug, and the error message, with arrows to drive the point across.

4. Expected vs. actual results

When you report a bug, take some time to explain to your developer what you expected to happen and what actually happened.

Expected result: ” Item should be added to the cart when I click ADD”

Actual result: ” Item does not appear in the cart”

5. Steps to reproduce

Here is your opportunity to share the steps needed to recreate the bug!

Always assume that your developer has no idea about the bug you found—how does he reproduce it?

As always, keep it simple!

The steps to follow should be comprehensive, easy to understand, and short.

The most important goal of this step is for your developer to experience the bug first-hand.

Use a numbered list here. And if you’ve already managed to recreate the issue several times, you can include the reproducibility rate (example: 12/12 times bug reproduced).

Want to go one step further? Add a short video recording, or use a session replay tool—so the developer can watch you reproduce this new bug!

6. Environment

Websites and apps can behave very differently depending on the environment used.

It’s critical that the following information be included in any report you share:

Environment info containing browser, screen size, operating system, viewport size, zoom level, and pixel ratio.

7. Console logs

These logs show developers all errors that occur on a given webpage.

Logs can also include info that track certain user actions.

Console logs showing error messages in the browser.

In general, including console logs can be valuable for developers as it can help them dig deeper and identify the root of the problem.

When debugging, it saves them a bunch of time on any issue!

A lot of crashes or errors are hard to replicate, so having the logs can be super informative.

Pro tip: Marker.io adds console logs automatically to every ticket you create.

8. Source URL

One important, but easy-to-forget item is the source URL.

This will help the developers navigate faster, which saves everyone a lot of time.

Pro tip: If you use Marker.io, we’ll automatically include this, too!

9. Bug severity and priority

By defining the severity or priority of the issue in your bug report, your developer understands how quickly a bug should be fixed.

The severity of your bug can be defined by the level of impact it has on your website or product. Once this has been determined you can label it as:

Enhancement

The priority helps your developer determine which bug they should investigate and fix first. Here you can choose between:

As the bug reporter, you will normally be responsible for identifying the severity and priority.

Pro tip: it can be difficult, as the end-user, to determine bug priority/severity—but if it severely affects functionality and user experience, it’s critical!

10. Advanced information

Whether you're looking to write the most informative bug report ever or you're looking to score brownie points with your developer, you can also opt to include the following:

The bug report checklist: everything you need to consider

After lots of personal experience (trial and error—ouch), research, and talking it over with our developers, we came up with a checklist of ten essential points to consider.

Download this list as a PDF for your next bug reporting project .

Alternatively, use one of our bug report templates that you can copy for your bug tracking process.

Tips and tricks

In general, it's good to keep these basic guidelines in mind:

How to report a bug with a reporting tool

If you’re still using spreadsheets or color-coded Google Docs for bug reporting, you might be wasting a lot of valuable time.

That’s when bug reporting tools come into play.

With a good tool like Marker.io , you can write and submit bug reports ten times as fast, without ever leaving your website.

Automated, annotated screenshots

So how does that work?

We set out to make the testing process as simple as possible:

2-way integrations with PM tools

Marker.io automatically syncs up with your project management tool.

This means that whenever you click the “Create issue” button, that bug report will automatically be created in Jira/Trello/GitHub/Bugzilla… you name it.

In other words: you don’t need to transfer bug reports from your inbox into your PM tool anymore.

And as a QA tester, you can stay on the website for the entire bug hunting session.

Finally, when a task is marked as “Done” in your PM tool, that same task will also be “Resolved” in Marker.io.

And you get a nice little overview of all bug reports in the Marker.io dashboard:

Marker.io's dashboard shows all bugs and their status.

If you need to discuss a specific bug at length, you can do that on our feedback page:

Marker.io's feedback page shows a screenshot, and discussion with the client.

All comments and attachments are, of course, synced back with your PM tool!

Ready to give it a go? Sign up for a free trial here —no credit card required.

Now that you know how to write a bug report and manage your issue tracking workflow, you’ll save more than just time and money: you’ll save your developer’s sanity.

Now that we've given you the right tools, it's time to use them.

It's just you, and your new weapons: an awesome bug report and a solid bug tracking system.

Continue reading

The ultimate guide to user acceptance testing (uat).

Usersnap vs. Userback vs. Marker.io: Which Tool is Best for You?

12 usability testing templates: checklist & examples, frequently asked questions, what is marker.io, who is marker.io for, how easy is it to set up, will marker.io slow down my website, do clients need an account to send feedback, how much does it cost, get started now.

Capture and read bug reports

A bug report contains device logs, stack traces, and other diagnostic information to help you find and fix bugs in your app. To capture a bug report from your device, use the Take bug report developer option on the device, the Android Emulator menu, or the adb bugreport command on your development machine.

Figure 1. Developer options on a device.

To take a bug report, you must have Developer options enabled on your device to access the Take bug report option.

Capture a bug report from a device

Figure 2. The bug report is ready.

To get a bug report directly from your device, do the following:

After a moment, you get a notification that the bug report is ready, as shown in figure 2.

To share the bug report, tap the notification.

Capture a bug report from the Android Emulator

From the Android Emulator, you can use the File a bug feature in the extended controls:

In the Extended controls window, select Bug report .

This opens a screen where you can see the bug report details, such as the screenshot, the AVD configuration info, and the bug report log. You can also type a message with reproduction steps to save with the report.

Wait for the bug report to finish collecting, then click Save Report .

Capture a bug report using adb

If you have just one device connected, you can get a bug report using adb , as follows:

If you don't specify a path for the bug report, it is saved to the local directory.

If you have multiple devices connected, you must specify the device with the -s option. Run the following adb commands to get the device serial number and generate the bug report:

Save an older bug report

By default, bug reports are saved at /bugreports and can be viewed using the following command:

You can then pull the zip file via adb pull :

Inspect the bug report zip file

By default, the zip file is called bugreport- BUILD_ID - DATE .zip . The zip file can contain multiple files, but the most important file is bugreport- BUILD_ID - DATE .txt . This is the bug report, which contains diagnostic output for system services ( dumpsys ), error logs ( dumpstate ), and system message logs ( logcat ). The system messages include stack traces when the device throws an error and messages written from all apps with the Log class.

The zip file contains a version.txt metadata file that contains the Android release letter. When systrace is enabled, the zip file also contains a systrace.txt file. The Systrace tool helps analyze the performance of your app by capturing and displaying execution times of your app processes and other Android system processes.

The dumpstate tool copies files from the device’s file system into the zip file under the FS folder so you can reference them. For example, a /dirA/dirB/fileC file in the device would generate an FS/dirA/dirB/fileC entry in the zip file.

Figure 3. The bug report file structure.

For more information, see Reading bug reports .

Get reports from your users

Capturing bug reports is helpful as you're using the app yourself, but your end-users can't easily share these types of bug reports with you. To get crash reports with stack traces from real-world users, take advantage of the Google Play and Firebase crash reporting features.

Google Play Console

You can get reports from the Google Play Console to view data for crashes and application not responding (ANR) errors from users who installed your app from Google Play. Data is available from the previous six months.

For more information, see View crashes and application not responding (ANR) errors in Play Console help.

Firebase crash reporting

Firebase Crashlytics reporting creates detailed reports of the errors in your app. Errors are grouped into issues based on similar stack traces and triaged by the severity of impact on your users. In addition to automatic reports, you can log custom events to help capture the steps leading to a crash.

To start receiving crash reports from any user, add the Firebase dependencies to your build.gradle file. For more information, see Firebase Crashlytics .

Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the Content License . Java and OpenJDK are trademarks or registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates.

Last updated 2023-04-12 UTC.

SoftwareTestingo - Interview Questions, Tutorial & Test Cases Template Examples

What is a Bug Report in Software Testing?

Last Updated on: March 8, 2022 By Softwaretestingo Editorial Board

What We Are Learn On This Post

What is a Bug Report in Software Testing: When an application is developed or it’s live in production, there is a chance of encouraging the bugs. During working on the application if a tester or an end-user found any bug in the application then they need to report that bug to the developer so that Developers can fix the issue.

But most of the time the beta testers or the end-users are not aware of how to write the Bug report which includes all the details the developers have to know so that they can able to reproduce the mentioned bug and fix the same.

When you’re a developer trying to sort through the reports you receive, you know that there’s more to reporting a bug than simply announcing that the app is “broken”. Even when testers and users take the time to write detailed reports, they can still be too cluttered or ambiguous to be truly helpful.

If you want to save time and improve the quality of your bug reports, standardize them! Having a standard format makes it easier for everyone involved – from developers to testers to users. In fact, we’ve found standardized reports so that they can save up to 45% of your time!

What Is A Bug Report in Software Testing?

We create artifacts whenever we test any application for future reference. Just like other testing artifacts, defect reports or bug reports are also considered artifacts. This artifact comes into play when testers start test execution.

The purpose of this bug report is a helpful document that provides information about areas in software or on a website that need improvement. The report outlines specific reasons for why an issue exists, and can also include suggestions for how to resolve the problem.

To create a great bug report, be concise and focus on only one issue while providing clear, step-by-step instructions for the developer. In addition, include environment details to help them reproduce the bug. By doing so, you will help the developer troubleshoot the issue and fix it more quickly.

How to Write a Bug Report?

What should an ideal bug report look like? While there might be small variations depending on the type of application, there are a few elements that are essential for all bug reports.

What is a Bug Report in Software Testing? 1

Bug report Fields: This will may differ from organization to organization. Because some organization is using some paid tools, and some are excel or other available resources to create a defect report . Let’s assume a sample bug report having the below fields:

Title: A well-crafted title is concise and provides the developer with a snapshot of the bug. It should include the app component and the specific action or circumstances in which the bug occurred. This makes it easy for the developer to find and fix the issue, and also makes triaging bugs simpler.

Example: [Chat] Profile picture is blacked in chat

Bug ID: If you’re creating the defect report in an Excel file, make sure to include the defect ID according to your organization’s standards. And if you’re using a paid tool, you don’t need to worry about this – the tool will automatically create the ID for you.

Build Number: Producing tasks in builds is the responsibility of developers in the organization. So when you are creating a defect report, it’s your responsibility to mention the build number. This will help the developer easily find and fix the defect. Remember to always include the build number!

Severity: Severity means the impact of the bug on the customer business. There are different categories of severity like:

Priority: Priority defines how soon the bug should be fixed. The testers set the priority of a bug. Based on the priority, developers can understand how soon that defect should need to fix. There are different categories are also available for priority like

Assigned To: Who is going to fix this defect.

Reported by: who is find this defect

Reported on: Date of find the defect

Reason: Type that’s like Defect / Enhancement

Status: Here, you need to mention the status of the bug. If you just found the bug and report, then the status should be new. There are different status are there like New/ Assigned/ Open/ Fixed/ Test/ Verified/ Closed/ Reopen/ Duplicate/ Deferred/ Rejected/ cannot be fixed/ Not Reproducible/ Need more information

Environment: Different apps can behave differently depending on their environment. This part should include all the details about the environment setup and configuration on which the app is running. If you require specific info about the environment, make sure that is clear to your users and testers.

Description: This part will give an overview of the bug, including how often it happens and under what circumstances it appears.

Steps to reproduce: what are the steps need to follow to produce the same defect. Here you have mentioned each step so that developers can easily reproduce the same defect without any confusion.

Expected Result: Here, you have to mention what should be the expected result.

Actual result: Here, you have to mention the actual result you are getting when you are executing your test cases.

What is a good bug report?

Not everyone can write a bug report effectively. It takes skill to craft a helpful report that developers can use to squash bugs. Here are some tips to help you write an awesome bug report.

Useful bug reports are those that result in fixing that bug. A good bug report has to be:

Reproducible Steps: When reporting a bug, make sure to include the steps needed to reproduce it. Keep the steps short, simple, and easy to follow – this will make it easier for others to replicate the bug and help to solve it. However, don’t be afraid to include too many details; the more information you provide, the better.

Our goal is to help developers reproduce bugs more easily, so they can get a better idea of what might be going wrong. Without repro steps, bug reports are minimally useful and only serve to waste time and effort. Make sure to communicate this to your testers and end-users.

Specific and Informative: Do not spread your problems throughout the essay. Try to be specific and informative. Strive to summarize the problem in minimum words yet in an effective way. And in any case, don’t combine multiple problems even if they seem similar. Write different reports for each problem.

So the goals of a bug report are to:

How Defect Report helps developers exactly:

And if you write your bug report effectively, then the bug has more chances to be fixed. So fixing bugs are directly dependent on how you report them. We Have mentioned all fields which are used while raising a bug, but all the fields are not mandatory to use. It depends upon the organization.

Let us know in your company how you write a bug report using which fields and how you are the plan to make the bug report more informative. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about this topic discussed above, then you can use our contact us page.

What is a good bug report in Software Testing?

A good bug report should contain only one bug and be clear and concise yet informationally dense . It should contain environment details and user steps that allow the developer to reproduce the bug on his side. Without being able to reproduce the bug, developers are essentially stumbling in the dark.

How do you write a bug report?

A Good and effective bug report or defect report should have the following items in it: Title/Bug ID, Environment, Steps to reproduce a Bug, Expected Result, Actual Result, Visual Proof (screenshots, videos, text) of Bug & Severity/Priority

DevOps Engineering - Planning to Production

Bugs in Software Testing

Software testing is the process of testing and verifying that a software product or application is doing what it is supposed to do. The benefits of testing include preventing distractions, reducing development costs, and improving performance. There are many different types of software testing, each with specific goals and strategies. Some of them are below:

What is a Bug?

A malfunction in the software/system is an error that may cause components or the system to fail to perform its required functions. In other words, if an error is encountered during the test it can cause malfunction. For example, incorrect data description, statements, input data, design, etc.

Reasons Why Bugs Occur?

1. Lack of Communication: This is a key factor contributing to the development of software bug fixes. Thus, a lack of clarity in communication can lead to misunderstandings of what the software should or should not do. In many cases, the customer may not fully understand how the product should ultimately work. This is especially true if the software is designed for a completely new product. Such situations often lead to many misinterpretations from both sides.

2. Repeated Definitions Required: Constantly changing software requirements creates confusion and pressure in both software development and testing teams. Usually, adding a new feature or deleting an existing feature can be linked to other modules or software components. Observing such problems causes software interruptions.

3. Policy Framework Does Not Exist: Also, debugging a software component/software component may appear in a different or similar component. Lack of foresight can cause serious problems and increase the number of distractions. This is one of the biggest problems because of what interruptions occur as engineers are often under pressure related to timelines; constantly changing needs, increasing the number of distractions, etc. Addition, Design and redesign, UI integration, module integration, database management all add to the complexity of the software and the system as a whole.

4. Performance Errors: Significant problems with software design and architecture can cause problems for systems. Improved software tends to make mistakes as programmers can also make mistakes. As a test tester, data/announcement reference errors, control flow errors, parameter errors, input/output errors, etc.

5. Lots of Recycling: Resetting resources, redoing or discarding a finished work, changes in hardware/software requirements may also affect the software. Assigning a new developer to a project in the middle of nowhere can cause software interruptions. This can happen if proper coding standards are not followed, incorrect coding, inaccurate data transfer, etc. Discarding part of existing code may leave traces on other parts of the software; Ignoring or deleting that code may cause software interruptions. In addition, critical bugs can occur especially with large projects, as it becomes difficult to pinpoint the location of the problem.

Life Cycle of a Bug in Software Testing

Below are the steps in the lifecycle of the bug in software testing:

Few more stages to add here are:

Fig 1.1 Diagram of Bug Life Cycle

Factors to be Considered while Reporting a Bug:

Bug Tracking Tools

Below are some of the bug tracking tools –

1. KATALON TESTOPS: Katalon TestOps is a free, powerful orchestration platform that helps with your process of tracking bugs. TestOps provides testing teams and DevOps teams with a clear, linked picture of their testing, resources, and locations to launch the right test, in the right place, at the right time.

2. KUALITEE: Collection of specific results and analysis with solid failure analysis in any framework. The Kualitee is for development and QA teams look beyond the allocation and tracking of bugs. It allows you to build high-quality software using tiny bugs, fast QA cycles, and better control of your build. The comprehensive suite combines all the functions of a good error management tool and has a test case and flow of test work built into it seamlessly. You would not need to combine and match different tools; instead, you can manage all your tests in one place.

3. QA Coverage: QACoverage is the place to go for successfully managing all your testing processes so that you can produce high-quality and trouble-free products. It has a disability control module that will allow you to manage errors from the first diagnostic phase until closed. The error tracking process can be customized and tailored to the needs of each client. In addition to negative tracking, QACoverage has the ability to track risks, issues, enhancements, suggestions, and recommendations. It also has full capabilities for complex test management solutions that include needs management, test case design, test case issuance, and reporting.

4. BUG HERD: BugHerd is an easy way to track bugs, collect and manage webpage responses. Your team and customers search for feedback on web pages, so they can find the exact problem. BugHerd also scans the information you need to replicate and resolve bugs quickly, such as browser, CSS selector data, operating system, and screenshot. Distractions and feedback, as well as technical information, are submitted to the Kanban Style Task Board, where distractions can be assigned and managed until they are eliminated. BugHerd can also integrate with your existing project management tools, helping to keep your team on the same page with bug fixes.

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How to Write a Bug Tracking Report

Table of Contents

Home » Blog » How to Write a Bug Tracking Report

If you own a computer, chances you’ve seen a bug. In most cases, a report can be generated quickly. Such a report is referred to as a bug report. A user’s ability to effectively write a bug tracking report helps to fix a software problem .

The process of preparing a bug report is a skill that can be learned. With this article, any individual can learn how to write a report quickly.

Definition of a Bug Tracking Report

A bug tracking report supports testers and software developers . It updates them with the latest problems concerning the software. By providing the relevant information, they can better develop solutions. A well-written bug tracking report functions as a systematic description of a problem, it gives developers the direction to follow when trying to solve an issue. Many managers have yet to realize the importance of this. Some even wonder why bug tracking is important .

Some of the benefits of a bug tracking report include:

‍Before jumping into writing a bug tracking report, we must understand the qualities of a good bug report. A quality bug tracking report:

Writing a Bug Tracking Report

A bug tracking report can be created by following these steps.

Develop an Outline

The outline of a bug tracking report should be specific. This outline will serve as a template and enable problem resolution. Below are essential fields of a bug report.

Once a user has collected this information, they can compose a comprehensive bug-tracking report.

All of these details and much more can be accumulated in a centralized place for proper data management and access.

Add Tasks and Issues for bug tracking reports

Produce a Summary

Next, a user will need to develop a summary of the bug they experienced. This summary describes the problem, indicating how it occurred and how to recreate it. Additionally, it will include all information that helps the developer understand and solve the bug. Include timestamps, screenshots, and other relevant details.

Define the Scope of the Bug

This section of the report provides detailed information about the bug such as the impact of the problem on the business and customers. List out all the issues they encountered in order of priority and include how fast they require the bug to be resolved.

Communicate the Report

Once the report is completed, let your team members know. Coworkers and other relevant stakeholders should be aware of the problem. Equally, the report must be sent to the person responsible for resolving it. This person can be from within or outside the organization. Likewise, other staff members should be in the loop about who is going to handle the issue.

Aftermath Report

When the bug has been resolved, a report that describes how it was resolved should be made. Again, it should be distributed to relevant individuals. The report should contain how the bug developed, and the steps taken to solve it. Creating this report will help users know how to handle similar bugs in the future.

This becomes easier when you have multiple collaborator helping you with that review.

Pro Tips for Writing a Bug Tracking Report

Follow these tips before sending a bug report.

In Conclusion

Writing a bug tracking report is a crucial aspect of managing systems. A bug tracking tool helps testers and software developers stay in tune with a problem concerning the software. Creating a bug report has various benefits for both users and developers. When writing a bug report, follow the above steps.

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Definition of bug

(Entry 1 of 4)

called also true bug

Definition of bug (Entry 2 of 4)

transitive verb

intransitive verb

Definition of bug (Entry 3 of 4)

Definition of bug (Entry 4 of 4)

Example Sentences

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'bug.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

origin unknown

probably from bug entry 1

Middle English bugge hobgoblin; probably akin to Low German bögge goblin

1594, in the meaning defined at sense 1b

1935, in the meaning defined at transitive sense 2

1865, in the meaning defined at transitive sense

15th century, in the meaning defined above

12 Pairs of Commonly Confused Animal Words

The animal words went in two by two, hurrah, hurrah!

The Difference Between 'Bug,' 'Insect,'...

The Difference Between 'Bug,' 'Insect,' and 'Beetle'

A bug is an insect and so is a beetle, so what's an insect?

snug as a bug in a rug dogs under blanket

Uncovering 'Snug as a Bug In a Rug'

'Snug' is nautical; 'bug' refers to a hobgoblin; 'rug,' a blanket.

Dictionary Entries Near bug

Cite this entry.

“Bug.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bug. Accessed 27 May. 2023.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of bug.

(Entry 1 of 2)

Kids Definition of bug (Entry 2 of 2)

Medical Definition

Medical definition of bug, legal definition, legal definition of bug, geographical definition, geographical name, definition of bug, more from merriam-webster on bug.

Nglish: Translation of bug for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of bug for Arabic Speakers

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How To Write A Good Bug Report?

What do you mean by a Bug Report?

Bug reports are essential in the software development life cycle as they provide crucial details about bugs or issues encountered on websites or applications. The well-crafted bug report plays a significant role in expediting the bug-fixing process. It should encompass main elements such as a descriptive title, comprehensive bug description, environment information, and step-by-step instructions to reproduce the issue. The ability to write efficient bug reports, which often go unnoticed by app development companies, can drastically cut the time needed to find and fix bugs. Quick bug fixing is essential to avoid release delays and maintain positive client relations.

Let’s Create an Effective Bug Report

The goal of bug reporting is to explain a problem to web developers as soon as possible to help with the entire project’s development. Before the QA services team begins writing a bug report, they should have the following answers:

Developers are frequently under intense pressure to solve problems quickly and efficiently.

They frequently encounter either an abundance of useless information or an absence of relevant data, so we strongly advise using a bug tracker such as Trello, Jira, Asana, GitHub, or GitLab and QA Touch for all bug reports to establish a logical, defined strategy.

How should a perfect bug report look?

While there may be minor differences depending on the application, it all comes to a few key elements as below:

Step 1: Bug Title

An ideal bug title is clear, concise, and provides the developer with a summary of the bug. It should include the bug category or the component of the app where the bug occurred, as well as the action or circumstances under which the bug occurred. The precise title makes it easy for the developer to find and identify duplicate reports, making bug triaging much easier.

The profile pictures on the profile page are not loading correctly. This issue should be considered a high-priority bug.

Once the developers review it, they should be able to identify the problem promptly and then proceed to address other sections of the bug report.

Step 2: Summary

Testers need to provide a concise summary indicating the severity of the problem, along with the occurrence details, using as few words as possible. The following categorization is typically used for summarization:

If the error is intermittent, this section should contain more information than just the title, such as how frequently it occurs and the circumstances that seem to cause it.

Step 3: Attachments

Images can communicate a thousand words, which applies to reporting bugs.

A screenshot, audio, or video can add value by helping your team member to understand the issue more quickly and resolve the problem, even though it might not fully convey the situation. At the very least, other helpful attachments like logs can direct the developer in the right direction.

Step 4: Actual vs. Expected

When declaring a bug, take the time to explain to your developer what you thought would occur and what really occurred. This is the outcome or result that was desired or anticipated.

Ensure to specify the expected outcome in terms of the technical task, design, test case results, or the tester’s perception. The developer won’t waste time looking for the necessary information because they will know what exactly to concentrate on. It is crucial to write a detailed account of the actual result. It usually corresponds with the title.

Step 5: Steps to reproduce

This item should only contain the bare minimum steps required to describe the entire process of reproducing the bug. Always assume that the bug you have found is unknown to your developer; otherwise, how can he fix it? This stage’s primary goal is for your developer to run into the bug.

Describe one step per line. You can mention preconditions if the description requires more than eight bullet points. A bug report without repro steps is essentially useless and only serves to waste time and effort that can address more detailed reports, so be sure to make this clear to your testers in a way that makes sense to your end users.

Step 6: Environment

Since an application’s behavior may vary depending on the situation, you must describe in detail all of the conditions under which a bug is reproduced, for example:

Do’s and Dont’s When Reporting Bugs

Lifecycle of a bug report

The tester discovers and reports a bug, initiating the bug report life cycle, which concludes with closure. Different states exist throughout the entire life cycle of the bug. The following steps or states are part of the bug life cycle:

These steps and states within the bug life cycle ensure effective bug management and resolution without altering the intended meaning of the process.

Why Everyone Should Report Bugs

Reporting bugs can enable you as a user to improve the software, which is one of the best things a tester can do. A person who impatiently awaits the resolution of bugs is likely to experience disappointment. Reporting bugs shows that a person cares about the best outcome for the product. In the long run, being proactive will benefit you, the other users of that software, and the entire IT industry.

Final Thoughts

A good bug report must contain all the necessary information, including the bug number, title, summary, environment, reproduction steps, anticipated and actual results, screenshots, videos, severity, and your name and contact information.

Reports should be written in plain language, without any criticism, and should check twice before being sent. Of course, don’t wait to write and submit your reports; do so as soon as you find a bug.

Bhavani is a Product Manager at DCKAP. She is a Certified Scrum Product Owner, a Certified Digital Product Manager, and a Certified Software Test Manager which makes her a great leader of the product. She profoundly holds 6 Sigma Green Belts and has also been a speaker at Guild 2018 conference. She has a deep passion for testing, reading, blogging, and cooking.

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Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Meaning of bug in English

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bug noun ( INSECT )

Hang on - there's a bug in your hair - let me get it out for you.
Will this spray get rid of those little black bugs that are attacking my shrubs ?
We lifted the stone to see if there were any bugs or worms underneath .
There was a bug crawling across the carpet , and the cat ate it!
He used to collect beetles and bugs from the garden and study them under the microscope .
deathwatch beetle
lepidopterist
lepidoptery
spider mite
stick insect
swallowtail

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

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bug noun ( ILLNESS )

Kids get all kinds of bugs at school .
A nasty flu bug's going round the school at the moment .
We never found out what was wrong with her - it was just some kind of mystery bug.
Don't cough on me - I don't want to catch your bugs, thanks !
He had a strange bug that caused chest pains and general tiredness .
antimicrobial
Gram-negative
Gram-positive
Gram-variable
hen of the woods
shiitake mushroom
shitake mushroom

bug noun ( COMPUTER PROBLEM )

If you get a bug in your system , please report it as soon as possible so it can be fixed .
This program keeps crashing - there must be bug somewhere .
The software producers are currently trying to fix two significant bugs.
This game keeps freezing - am I doing something wrong or do you think it's a bug of some sort ?
They've produced a downloadable patch that will repair the bug in the program .
(that's) your hard luck idiom
Achilles heel
misfunction
misperception
that's/it's your funeral! idiom
wardrobe malfunction

bug noun ( DEVICE )

agent provocateur
intelligence
spy on someone/something

bug noun ( ENTHUSIASM )

get-up-and-go
physicality
zealousness

bug verb [T] ( ANNOY )

annoy It annoys me that you're always late.
bother It bothers me that you don't help with the dishes.
irritate After a while her behavior really began to irritate me.
peeve What peeved her most was that he hadn't even called her.
bug He's been bugging me all morning.
aggravate It really aggravates me the way he never thanks me for what I've done.
give someone the shits idiom
go too far idiom
hack someone off
rub someone the wrong way idiom
ruffle someone's feathers idiom

bug verb [T] ( HIDE DEVICE )

Phrasal verb, bug | intermediate english, bug noun ( fault ), bug | business english, examples of bug, translations of bug.

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bug (INSECT)
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Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC

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Applies to: ✅ Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC

This article provides links to information about what's new in each release of Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC, and includes a short description of this servicing channel.

What's New in Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2021 What's New in Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2019 What's New in Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2016 What's New in Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2015

The Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC)

The following table summarizes equivalent feature update versions of Windows 10 LTSC and General Availability Channel (GA Channel) releases.

The Long-Term Servicing Channel was previously called the Long-Term Servicing Branch (LTSB). All references to LTSB are changed in this article to LTSC for consistency, even though the name of previous versions might still be displayed as LTSB.

With the LTSC servicing model, customers can delay receiving feature updates and instead only receive monthly quality updates on devices. Features from Windows 10 that could be updated with new functionality, including Cortana, Edge, and all in-box Universal Windows apps, are also not included. Feature updates are offered in new LTSC releases every 2–3 years instead of every 6 months, and organizations can choose to install them as in-place upgrades, or even skip releases. Microsoft is committed to providing bug fixes and security patches for each LTSC release during the extended LTSC servicing lifecycle. Always check your individual LTSC release to verify its servicing lifecycle. For more information, see release information , or perform a search on the product lifecycle information page.

The Long-Term Servicing Channel is not intended for deployment on most or all the PCs in an organization. The LTSC edition of Windows 10 provides customers with access to a deployment option for their special-purpose devices and environments. These devices typically perform a single important task and don’t need feature updates as frequently as other devices in the organization. These devices are also typically not heavily dependent on support from external apps and tools. Since the feature set for LTSC does not change for the lifetime of the release, over time there might be some external tools that do not continue to provide legacy support. See LTSC: What is it, and when it should be used .

For detailed information about Windows 10 servicing, see Overview of Windows as a service .

What's New in Windows 10 : See what’s new in other versions of Windows 10. Windows 10 - Release information : Windows 10 current versions by servicing option.

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Scientists used AI to analyze 6,680 compounds, eventually discovering nine potential antibiotics, including abaucin.

Scientists use AI to discover new antibiotic to treat deadly superbug

AI used to discover abaucin, an effective drug against A baumannii , bacteria that can cause dangerous infections

Scientists using artificial intelligence have discovered a new antibiotic that can kill a deadly superbug.

According to a new study published on Thursday in the science journal Nature Chemical Biology, a group of scientists from McMaster University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have discovered a new antibiotic that can be used to kill a deadly hospital superbug.

The superbug in question is Acinetobacter baumannii , which the World Health Organization has classified as a “critical” threat among its “priority pathogens” – a group of bacteria families that pose the “greatest threat” to human health.

According to the WHO, the bacteria have built-in abilities to find new ways to resist treatment and can pass along genetic material that allows other bacteria to become drug-resistant as well.

A baumannii poses a threat to hospitals, nursing homes and patients who require ventilators and blood catheters, as well as those who have open wounds from surgeries.

The bacteria can live for prolonged periods of time on environmental surfaces and shared equipment, and can often be spread through contaminated hands. In addition to blood infections, A baumannii can cause infections in urinary tracts and lungs.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the bacteria can also “colonize” or live in a patient without causing infections or symptoms.

Thursday’s study revealed that researchers used an AI algorithm to screen thousands of antibacterial molecules in an attempt to predict new structural classes. As a result of the AI screening, researchers were able to identify a new antibacterial compound which they named abaucin.

“We had a whole bunch of data that was just telling us about which chemicals were able to kill a bunch of bacteria and which ones weren’t. My job was to train this model, and all that this model was going to be doing is telling us essentially if new molecules will have antibacterial properties or not,” said Gary Liu, a graduate student from MacMaster University who worked on the research.

“Then basically through that, we’re able to just increase the efficiency of the drug discovery pipeline and … hone in all the molecules that we really want to care about,” he added.

After scientists trained the AI model, they used it to analyze 6,680 compounds that it had previously not encountered. The analysis took an hour and half and ended up producing several hundred compounds, 240 of which were then tested in a laboratory. Laboratory testing ultimately revealed nine potential antibiotics, including abaucin.

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The scientists then tested the new molecule against A baumannii in a wound infection model in mice and found that the molecule suppressed the infection.

“This work validates the benefits of machine learning in the search for new antibiotics” said Jonathan Stokes, an assistant professor at McMaster University’s department of biomedicine and biochemistry who helped lead the study.

“Using AI, we can rapidly explore vast regions of chemical space, significantly increasing the chances of discovering fundamentally new antibacterial molecules,” he said.

“We know broad-spectrum antibiotics are suboptimal and that pathogens have the ability to evolve and adjust to every trick we throw at them … AI methods afford us the opportunity to vastly increase the rate at which we discover new antibiotics, and we can do it at a reduced cost. This is an important avenue of exploration for new antibiotic drugs,” he added.

Artificial intelligence (AI)
Antibiotics
Infectious diseases
Medical research

Artificial intelligence helps researchers find new antibiotic to fight deadly superbug

Scientists have used artificial intelligence to identify a new antibiotic that might be useful to fight a deadly drug-resistant bacteria commonly found in hospitals and medical offices.

Researchers report they used an AI algorithm to predict molecules that would neutralize the drug-resistant bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii. Researchers discovered a potential antibiotic, named abaucin, "can effectively suppress" the growth of the stubborn bacteria on the skin of mice, according to a study this week in the journal Nature Chemical Biology.

While the preliminary results on the potential new drug would need to be validated in larger studies, researchers believe the process used to winnow thousands of potential drugs to identify one that may work is an approach that can work in drug discovery.

"There's a lot of trepidation around AI and I genuinely understand it," said Jonathan Stokes, lead author on the paper and an assistant professor of biomedicine and biochemistry at at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. "When I think about AI in general, I think of these models as things that are just going to help us do the thing we're going to do better."

Which superbug did researchers target?

Stokes teamed up with researchers from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard to screen for potential antibiotics to use on Acinetobacter baumannii, a superbug that can cause infections in the blood, urinary tract and lungs. This bacteria usually invades hospitals and healthcare settings, infecting vulnerable patients on breathing machines, in intensive care units and undergoing operations.

This type of bacteria, resistant to the potent antibiotic carbapenem, infected 8,500 in hospitals and killed 700 in 2017, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

How did AI pinpoint a new antibiotic?

The researchers evaluated 7,684 drugs and the active ingredients of drugs to find out which ones would be effective against the bacteria, which was grown in the lab.

Stokes said the lab team developed AI models to predict which ones would have the highest likelihood of antimicrobial activity, narrowing the field to 240 drugs or active ingredients. Researchers then narrowed the field again through testing before discovering a molecule RS102895, renamed abaucin, that appeared to be potent against the superbug.

What's next for abaucin?

Stokes said researchers are working to optimize the chemical structure of the potential antibiotic. Plans eventually call for doing follow-up research in larger animals, and potentially humans, if abaucin proves to be effective.

"It's important to remember right when we're trying to develop a drug, it doesn't just have to kill the bacterium," Stokes said. "It also has to be well tolerated in humans and it has to get to the infection site and stay at the infection site long enough to elicit an effect."

Researchers said they can screen a much larger volume of potential drugs by using machine-learning techniques. The study said while existing high-throughput screening can evaluate a few million drugs or chemical ingredients at once, algorithms developed from machine learning can assess "hundreds of millions to billions" of drug molecules.

Main content

Christians caught with a Bible in North Korea have faced death and had their families, including children, thrown in prison for life, a new report says

North Korea offers freedom of religion to its citizens on paper but not in practice.
It has imprisoned tens of thousands of Christians, according to a State Department report, citing NGO research.
The recent report reveals executions and imprisonment for life for people caught with religious materials.

North Korea is notorious for the cruelty it inflicts on people deemed undesirable by the state. In the Hermit Kingdom that prizes weaponry over its own people, many of whom are starving and live in abject poverty, tens of thousands of Christians are said to be languishing in prisons.

A recently released Department of State report notes that while North Korea constitutionally allows for religious freedom, there is no such thing in practice.

The constitution vaguely states that religion must not harm the state or social order, giving authorities room to target those who seek to openly follow their faith.

The report from the State Department's Office of International Religious Freedom, citing research conducted by non-governmental organizations which have gathered testimony from defectors, says as many as 70,000 Christians have been imprisoned in camps along with those believers from other religions.

One NGO, Open Doors USA, has reported that for Christians in North Korea, life is a "constant cauldron of pressure" and "capture or death is only a mistake away."

As State highlights in its report, North Korean government documents state that "freedom of religion is allowed and provided by the State law within the limit necessary for securing social order, health, social security, morality and other human rights."

Anything beyond that can land citizens in deep trouble.

People who have been arrested for religious crimes have reportedly faced detention and forced labor, torture, sexual violence, and death.

Christians are considered a "hostile class" in the songbun system, in which people derive status from loyalty to the state and its leadership. Christians, ODUSA reported, are regarded as the lowest in society and are constantly "vulnerable and in danger."

The Department of State, pulling from information collected by NGOs, noted that an entire family, including their two-year-old child, was imprisoned following the discovery of their religious practices and possession of a Bible.

The family, which was most likely targeted by the Ministry of State Security that handles roughly 90 percent of these cases, was sentenced to life in prison.

A report from the NGO Korea Future documented a shocking incident in which a man caught praying was nearly beaten to death by guards. Another incident involved a Korean Worker's Party member who was found with a Bible, taken by authorities out to an airfield, and executed before a crowd of thousands.

North Korea celebrates the Kim family, specifically the current ruler, Kim Jong Un, and his late father and grandfather, Kim Jong Il and Kim Il Sung, above all, recognizing the Kim dynasty or Mount Paektu bloodline in ways reminiscent of deification.

The State Department report, pointing to Korea Future's research, says that the state ideology "Kimilsungism-Kimjongilism" has "many hallmarks of religion." It notes the state regards the two previous leaders as "extraordinary beings."

ODUSA has reported that Christian materials, including Bibles, are leftovers from the early 20th century up to World War II and are passed among believers. Though there have been reports of underground churches, it is unclear if these are active given that, as one defector said, "meeting other Christians in order to worship is almost impossible." Some even fear being reported by their own family members.

This situation has long been a problem in North Korea, and State noted that "multiple sources indicated the situation had not fundamentally changed since" the 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry report on human rights in the in North Korea was published. That report found that North Korea "denied the rights to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" and engaged in "crimes against humanity."

U.S. debt default could hit Social Security payments first

A possible lapse in social security payments means the oldest beneficiaries — those over 88 — and the disabled could be among the first to suffer.

Seniors nationwide are on the front lines of the fight to raise the debt ceiling , because if the federal government can’t make a June 2 payment slated for Social Security recipients, the oldest beneficiaries — those over 88 — and people with disabilities will be the first to suffer.

Roughly $98 billion worth of benefits, including Medicare, Medicaid, and military and civil retirement payments, are scheduled to go out in the first two days of June, according to an analysis by the Bipartisan Policy Center.

Representatives from the White House and House Republicans continued talks on Wednesday aimed at raising the debt ceiling, before the government risks defaulting on debts owed, which could happen as soon as June 1.

The timing of an early June default threatens to hurt the country’s oldest and poorest Social Security recipients, said Kathleen Romig, director of Social Security and disability policy at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

Social Security benefits are distributed four times a month , but the earliest round of payments go to retirees older than 88 years, as well as people with disabilities and seniors with especially low incomes — and less than $2,000 in assets — who are eligible for Supplemental Security Income (SSI). “There’s no fallback if these checks are late,” Romig said. “These are people who are literally not allowed to have emergency savings.”

If the U.S. defaults, will it miss Medicare payments? What about Social Security? See what’s at risk.

Among them is Nora Jean Stone, 74, who says she has enough socked away to last a month if her $1,153 worth of SSI and Social Security payments doesn’t show up next week.

She and her son, who is disabled, share a one-bedroom rent-controlled apartment in San Francisco and rely on a combination of Medicaid, Medicare and food assistance to make ends meet. Being unable to pay rent, she says, could cost them her home of 36 years.

“Being poor, you’re always walking on eggshells,” said Stone, who worked for years as an administrative assistant and office manager at tech firms including AOL. “There are constantly unnecessary obstacles in your way, and now the debt ceiling is one more of them.”

Even a week-long holdup, economists say, could be devastating for the roughly 27 million Americans who rely on Social Security for most of their income. Food insecurity and poverty rates will almost certainly rise, and people will probably forgo medical treatments, as families struggle to make do without necessities.

“It’s going to cause a huge amount of hardship if Social Security checks are delayed at all,” said Alicia Munnell, director of the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College and a former assistant Treasury secretary. “When you’re living in a cash-strapped situation, timing really makes a lot of difference. People are waiting for their checks to buy groceries, to fill prescriptions. They get to the end of the month and are out of cash.”

Fewer hot showers, less meat: How retirees on fixed incomes are dealing with inflation

In interviews with more than a dozen older Americans who receive federal benefits, nearly all said a delayed payment would have immediate consequences on their ability to pay for housing, utilities and groceries. Many were mapping out worst-case scenarios, making plans to do without blood pressure medication or borrow against their homes or return to work, though the prospect of rejoining the labor force after years away made them anxious. Several said they had become fixated on lawmakers’ every move, looking for hints into how this months-long skirmish might eventually be resolved.

“We worked hard our entire lives for Social Security, and we earned these benefits,” said Jim Massa, 64, a retired oceanographer in Fairbanks, Alaska. “To say suddenly, ‘You can’t have this money that you’ve earned, that you’re living on’ — they’re playing with people’s lives.”

As funds run short, Treasury asks agencies if payments can be made later

Retirees are particularly susceptible to the whims of the economy because they often rely on fixed incomes and limited savings that have to last for indeterminate periods of time. In addition, their savings may be tied up in the stock market or government bonds, both of which are projected to take large hits if the federal government can’t pay its bills on time.

“A lot of older Americans have very little, if any, savings,” said Olivia Mitchell, director of the Boettner Center for Pensions and Retirement Research at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School. “And the savings they do have is often illiquid — they might have equity in their homes, for example, but it might not be easy for them to dip into. We could be facing tough times ahead.”

What happens if the U.S doesn’t raise the debt ceiling?

In Santa Maria, Calif., Melissa Fields says any disruption to her Social Security benefits next week would be crushing. The 63-year-old, who has autism, relies on $1,388 in monthly payments, as well as Medicare and Medicaid, to cover rent, buy groceries and pay for daily kidney dialysis.

Even so, she says the benefits have hardly been enough to keep up with rising costs. She has about $12,000 in debt and has been struggling to make minimum credit card payments.

“It feels like I’m living on the edge of a cliff,” she said. “I’m so scared. I’ve been disabled my whole life and have always depended on my Social Security, my Medicaid, my Medicare. To threaten to take that away is unfair, it’s cruel. The prospect [of] … being suddenly without money or health care is too much to bear.”

The risks of a U.S. default are vast and wide-ranging. If Congress and President Biden don’t reach a deal in the next week, the government will run out of money to cover its expenses, causing unprecedented harm to the economy. Stocks, bonds and the U.S. dollar would plummet, contributing to nearly 8 million job losses and wiping out an estimated $10 trillion in household wealth, according to estimates from Moody’s Analytics.

Small businesses are beginning to panic about a government default

The blow to Social Security — which, at $1 trillion a year, accounts for 16 percent of the country’s annual spending — is expected to be particularly debilitating. An estimated 67 million people rely on Social Security benefits each month, making it the largest federal benefits program.

Social Security payment dates are typically based on a recipient’s birthdate — for example, people born between the 1st and 10th of any given month receive their checks on the second Wednesday of each month. The exception, though, is older Americans who have been tapping into Social Security since 1997 — making them at least 88 years old — or those who receive SSI or disability benefits.

Republicans in Congress have maintained that they don’t want to cut Social Security benefits, though at least one recent budget blueprint calls for raising the eligibility age for full retirement from 67 to 70 to account for longer life expectancies. The GOP has also proposed a host of cuts and additional work requirements for other federal benefits, such as Medicaid and food stamps, that experts say would have an outsize impact on the country’s seniors.

“Older people, especially those who do not have savings, are very vulnerable to food insecurity and poverty,” said Sophie Mitra, an economics professor at Fordham University. “They have fewer resources than working-age people and may have chronic health conditions that may strain their budgets or limit their mobility. Social Security benefits are really key for their economic security.”

Holly DiBello spent decades working for small medical practices in Scottsdale, Ariz. But now that she’s retired, she relies on monthly Social Security and Medicare checks to cover her biggest expenses, including utilities, groceries and her husband’s $6,000-a-month hospice care.

“I’m about to turn 70 and here I am saying, ‘I guess I’ve got to go back to work,’” she said. “I don’t know what else to do. Just my husband’s medication — I have to pay cash, out of pocket, every two weeks — will take up every cent I have left.”

Michelle Singletary: Debt ceiling standoff is as much about managing fear as finances

Experts say it’s unclear exactly how the government would prioritize payments in the case of a U.S. default, which has never happened before. When asked about the nature and timing of potential delays, a spokesman for the Social Security Administration directed questions to the Treasury Department. The Treasury Department did not respond to requests seeking comment.

“There’s tremendous uncertainty, of course,” said Romig, of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, who previously worked for the Social Security Administration. “As soon as we hit that so-called X-date, we’re going to be in opposition to dozens, maybe hundreds, of laws — including the Social Security Act, which says payments must be made on time in full.”

Anthony Gray received his first retirement check this month. But given the country’s debt ceiling debacle, he fears it could be his last for a while.

Gray, who left his computer programming job in 2019 after a skin cancer diagnosis, says he has put his life on hold, in case his next $1,388 Social Security payment doesn’t arrive as expected in mid-June. He has stopped buying eggs, is letting newspaper subscriptions lapse and is relying more on $3 subsidized lunches at a local senior center near Albany, N.Y.

“I’m not spending on anything I don’t absolutely have to spend on in case a government default means there’s no check,” the 62-year-old said. “I have to assume the worst, out of prudence, so maybe I can set aside enough to cover June’s bills. But what if this goes on for two months or three months? Then I don’t know.”

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The Fed’s favorite inflation gauge just heated up — and that could mean another rate hike

The US economy has encountered some expected turbulence on inflation’s descent.

The Federal Reserve’s preferred inflation gauge bounced higher in April, underscoring Fed Chair Jerome Powell’s warnings that reining in price hikes “is likely to be bumpy.” But with spending also heating up, Friday’s data from the Commerce Department kicked up the odds for further rate hikes.

The Personal Consumption Expenditures price index rose 4.4% for the 12 months ended in April, up from a 4.2% increase seen in March, according to data released Friday by the Commerce Department. Rising energy prices (up 0.7% month on month) helped push up the headline PCE index; prices for goods and services increased 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, while food prices showed a very slight decrease.

The closely watched core PCE index — where volatile components of food and energy are excluded — unexpectedly ticked up: The Fed’s go-to gauge was up 4.7% for the year. In March, the core PCE gauge grew by 4.6%.

Economists had forecast that core PCE would hold steady at 4.6%, according to Refinitiv.

On a monthly basis, the headline and core indexes were both up 0.4%. In March, the headline PCE index showed a 0.1% gain, while core accelerated by 0.3%.

Economists polled by Refinitiv were expecting April’s monthly core price to increase 0.3%.

The PCE indexes are part of the Personal Income and Outlays report, which provides a more comprehensive look at shifts in prices, including how consumers respond to them and how much consumers are spending, bringing in and saving.

Consumer spending jumped 0.8% in April from March, double what economists had expected. Excluding the effects of inflation, real consumer spending increased 0.5%, reflecting a boost seen from new car purchases, according to the report. Household income ticked up to 0.4% from March; the prior month, personal income grew 0.3%.

As spending increased faster than incomes, the personal saving rate fell to 4.1% in April.

“Inflation has peaked and is moderating, but it remains much too high,” said Mark Zandi, Moody’s Analytics chief economist, in an email to CNN. “It is encouraging that the cost of housing services is moderating, reflecting weaker rents; but health care inflation is picking up, reflecting a tight health care labor market and quickly rising labor costs.”

He added: “It is critical that inflation moderate further, otherwise the Fed will continue to increase rates, which will ultimately undermine the economy and push it into recession.”

Another hike becoming more likely

Since March last year, the Fed has hiked its benchmark interest rate 10 consecutive times as part of efforts to cool demand and bring down high inflation.

At the central bank’s policymaking meeting earlier this month , Fed officials voted unanimously on a quarter-point rate increase. They also signaled that a pause could be on the table in June as they continued to evaluate the effects from the barrage of rate hikes as well as banks tightening their lending standards amid broader sector turmoil.

Just before the Commerce Department data was released on Friday, markets had the probability of a Fed pause at 54.2%, according to CME FedWatch . A little more than an hour later, those odds shifted to a 58.5% probability of a quarter-point hike next month.

“We’ve said we went back to normal [after the pandemic], but the problem is, that doesn’t mean inflation immediately goes back to normal,” Laura Veldkamp, finance professor at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Business, told CNN in an interview. “Inflation has taken on a life of its own.”

The deeply embedded and persistent inflation has been expected to come down slowly. However, if there are hiccups along the way and inflation accelerates, then it may mean that more aggressive policy is warranted, Veldkamp said.

The Fed hopes to meet its mandate without triggering a recession, but it’s a “delicate” process, she said.

Visitors outside the US Capitol building in Washington, DC, US, on Tuesday, May 23, 2023.

'It's going to be catastrophic:' The debt ceiling standoff is worrying for some Americans

“We’re walking a very fine line now, with a fairly rapid rate of interest rate increases,” she said. “It doesn’t seem to have caused a recession yet, but I think we’re dancing on the edge. And if we start to see prices go up more, which suggests they’re going to have to do more, I think it’s going to be very difficult to maintain that delicate balancing act.”

There are some indications that the economy is weakening: Growth is slowing and consumer spending is softer than it was last year amid persistently high inflation, increasing interest rates and rising recession concerns.

“The average consumer is in a worse place than they were a year ago, in terms of spending,” Sofia Baig, economist at decision intelligence company Morning Consult, told CNN.

The University of Michigan’s latest read on consumer sentiment showed that Americans’ economic outlooks weakened in May — driven down in part by the unresolved debt ceiling negotiations and fears of default . Consumers’ long-run inflation expectations ticked up to 3.1%, the highest level since June 2022, when inflation peaked.

“Consumer resilience has been supported by strong incomes thus far. However, high inflation continues to erode consumers’ living standards, and their confidence in the economy remains woefully negative,” said Joanne Hsu, director of the Surveys of Consumers.

“If the debt ceiling is breached, we will not be able to depend on consumer resilience to prop up the economy and avoid the catastrophic economic consequences to follow,” she said.

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What is a bug report? The ins and outs of bug reports.
Issue Tracking Software. Issue Management Software. Defect Tracking System. No matter which name you prefer, a bug reporting system is an application " that keeps track of reported software bugs ". Therefore, a bug reporting software allows you to report, document, store, manage, assign, close & archive the reports.
What is a bug report? (Types and tips for writing them)
A bug report is a structured report that provides information about software bugs, which are faults in the development and functioning of software. Users or developers generate these reports when they encounter unexpected behaviour or get incorrect results from the software that they're working with. The report documents the problem so that the ...
How to write an Effective Bug Report
Benefits of a good Bug Report. A good bug report covers all the crucial information about the bug, which can be used in the debugging process: It helps with a detailed bug analysis. Gives better visibility about the bug and helps find the right direction and approach towards debugging. Saves cost and time by helping debug at an earlier stage.
How to Create Better, More Actionable Bug Reports
Click "log a new issue" to open the bug reporting template. The software takes a screenshot when you click the report button. Fill the text box with a description of the issue. Assign the task, set the issue priority, and add a tag. Click the screenshot to add annotations for easier understanding.
How to write a bug report effectively: examples and templates
Bug report template: Microsoft Office (Excel & Word) ‍. Google Drive templates can be a good way to report a bug to your product team. They will provide engineers and PMs with very structured information. You can choose the format you prefer (either Google Sheets or Google Docs), make a copy of the document and customize it for your own needs.
What is bug tracking?
Bug tracking is the process of logging and monitoring bugs or errors during software testing. It is also referred to as defect tracking or issue tracking. Large systems may have hundreds or thousands of defects. Each needs to be evaluated, monitored and prioritized for debugging. In some cases, bugs may need to be tracked over a long period of ...
The ultimate guide to bug reporting
This example clearly displays all the classical elements a bug report should contain. What is the bug life cycle. Broadly speaking, there are two types of bugs: open and closed, meaning that a bug is unresolved or resolved. However, a bug actually experiences a lengthy sequence of states between these two key stages, called the bug life cycle.
How To Write a Bug Report Effectively in 10 Steps
Write about one bug at a time per report. If you have found multiple bugs, then include a separate report for each bug. This helps a developer keep track of the bugs and they can easily see the priority and information for each one without it getting confusing. Report the bug immediately. If you find any bugs while testing the system, report ...
How to Write a Good Bug Report [Step-By-Step Guide]
Here's how to write a bug report: 1. Title/Bug ID. Keep it short and specific. Make sure it clearly summarizes what the bug is. Having a clear title on your bug report makes it easier for the developer to find later on and merge any duplicates. Examples:
What is a bug (computer bug)?
With crowdsourcing, software security researchers and ethical hackers are rewarded for finding problems and providing bug reports that reproduce or mitigate the vulnerability. Continuous improvement. Organizations looking to minimize software bugs should balance the number of rollouts and rollbacks of software releases they do.
Capture and read bug reports
The bug report is ready. To get a bug report directly from your device, do the following: Enable Developer Options. In Developer options, tap Take bug report. Select the type of bug report you want and tap Report . After a moment, you get a notification that the bug report is ready, as shown in figure 2.
What is a Bug Report in Software Testing? TIPS & TRICKS 2023
The purpose of this bug report is a helpful document that provides information about areas in software or on a website that need improvement. The report outlines specific reasons for why an issue exists, and can also include suggestions for how to resolve the problem. To create a great bug report, be concise and focus on only one issue while ...
Bugs in Software Testing
Bug Report. Defect/ Bug Name: A short headline describing the defect.It should be specific and accurate. Defect/Bug ID: Unique identification number for the defect. Defect Description: Detailed description of the bug including the information of the module in which it was detected. It contains a detailed summary including the severity, priority, expected results vs actual output, etc.
How to Write a Good Bug Report? Tips and Tricks
If your Bug report is effective, then its chances of getting fixed are higher. So fixing a bug depends upon how effectively you report it. Reporting a bug is nothing but a skill and in this tutorial, we will explain how to achieve this skill. "The point of writing a problem report (bug report) is to get bugs fixed" - By Cem Kaner.
How to Write a Bug Tracking Report
This outline will serve as a template and enable problem resolution. Below are essential fields of a bug report. Bug Number -a unique identifier that differentiates the report from another. Name of the reporter - this field should contain the name, email address, and a unique identifier (if applicable) of the reporter.
Bug Definition & Meaning
bug: [noun] an insect or other creeping or crawling small invertebrate (such as a spider or centipede). any of several insects (such as a bedbug or head louse) commonly considered obnoxious. any of an order (Hemiptera and especially its suborder Heteroptera) of insects that have sucking mouthparts, forewings thickened at the base, and ...
How To Write A Good Bug Report?
What do you mean by a Bug Report? Bug reports are essential in the software development life cycle as they provide crucial details about bugs or issues encountered on websites or applications. The well-crafted bug report plays a significant role in expediting the bug-fixing process. It should encompass main elements such as a descriptive title ...
Sample Bug Report: Format, Template and Examples (UPDATED)
Defect/Bug Report Template Fields with Examples and Explanations. Many elements go into a good bug report. In this section, we will first describe and list all of the constituent elements of a bug report and then we will follow that up with examples. As per the industry standard, these are the constituent elements of the defect report/template:
BUG
bug definition: 1. a very small insect 2. an illness that is usually not serious and is caused by bacteria or a…. Learn more.
BUG
bug meaning: 1. a very small insect 2. an illness that is usually not serious and is caused by bacteria or a…. Learn more.
Premiere 2023 Export Issue
How do I write a bug report? - Adobe Support Community - 13361863 - 13812748. ... Did you mean: Global community ... Report. Report. Follow; Report; More. Reply. Reply. Community guidelines. Be kind and respectful, give credit to the original source of content, and search for duplicates before posting.
Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC overview
The LTSC edition of Windows 10 provides customers with access to a deployment option for their special-purpose devices and environments. These devices typically perform a single important task and don't need feature updates as frequently as other devices in the organization. These devices are also typically not heavily dependent on support ...
Scientists use AI to discover new antibiotic to treat deadly superbug
AI used to discover abaucin, an effective drug against A baumannii, bacteria that can cause dangerous infections Scientists using artificial intelligence have discovered a new antibiotic that can ...
Scientists use AI to discover antibiotic to fight deadly hospital bug
0:41. Scientists have used artificial intelligence to identify a new antibiotic that might be useful to fight a deadly drug-resistant bacteria commonly found in hospitals and medical offices ...
Getting Caught With Bible in North Korea Could Mean Death or Life in
Christians caught with a Bible in North Korea have faced death and had their families, including children, thrown in prison for life, a new report says. Ryan Pickrell. May 26, 2023, 1:35 PM PDT ...
Retirees, seniors fear for Social Security payments amid debt ceiling
Anthony Gray at his home in Green Island, N.Y., on Wednesday. (Cindy Schultz for The Washington Post) Seniors nationwide are on the front lines of the fight to raise the debt ceiling, because if ...
Study creates first symptom-based long Covid definition
Researchers define 12 symptoms for long Covid amid reports of a possible new Covid wave in China. CNN's John Vause speaks with epidemiologist Dr. Eric Feigl-Ding.
The Fed's favorite inflation gauge just heated up
Excluding the effects of inflation, real consumer spending increased 0.5%, reflecting a boost seen from new car purchases, according to the report. Household income ticked up to 0.4% from March ...