Item logo image for Annotate: Web Annotations with Screen Sharing

Annotate: Web Annotations with Screen Sharing

261 ratings

Annotate web pages, PDFs, Google Slides, and Google Docs to improve engagement. Annotate in Google Meet when screen sharing.

New in v8.32+ • Document camera support New in v8.22+ • Student note taking on web pages, Google Slides, and PDFs • Student note taking during LiveStreams for Google Slides and PDFs • Livestream student work (Google Slides and PDFs) to student devices and to a classroom display using Chrome Client Lite. • Review student work and provide feedback in real time New in v8.19+ • Livestream support for PDFs and Google Slides • More robust export for web page annotations • General bug fixes New in v8.17+ • Create Google Classroom assignments using web pages New in v8.16+ • Export annotated web pages as PDFs Freely annotate web pages, PDF documents, Google Slides and Google Docs content when presenting. Keep your audience engaged with live annotations during your remote learning and Google Meet sessions. New! Annotate PDFs on your Google Drive or on the web by selecting “Open with Annotate”. Annotations are sticky and remain in place as you zoom, scroll, and navigate. The same user interface and annotation tools now work across PDFs, Google Slides, Google Docs, and web pages. With improved compatibility with Google Slides and Google Docs, we track annotations for every slide/ page so your annotations remain in sync as you navigate across slides/ pages. Tight integration with Google Slides and Google Docs also enables switching between app controls/ menus and our annotation tools seamlessly. Our annotations are smooth, fast, and anchored in place as you zoom and navigate, making your content look professional and engaging. Save your annotations in your account for review later. Share them with others or come back and continue working from where you left off. Capture screenshots of marked up pages and insert them directly into your Annotate notebook. All this as you share¹ your entire screen, an application, or just a single Chrome tab with a projector² and multiple student devices. The plugin works seamlessly with your Annotate.net instructor account to enable annotations over web pages and screen sharing¹ during LiveStreams. When installed on classroom devices, you can empower students to take an active role in their learning by giving them the ability to annotate web pages and share their screens using the "Pass Control" feature. Teachers, students, and Google Meet users shall be able to: • Freely annotate web pages, PDFs, Google Slides, and Google Docs using the pen and highlighter tools³. • Annotate PDFs on their Google Drive or on the web by selecting “Open with Annotate”. • Annotate Google Slides in both edit and present modes. Google slides annotations are tracked and saved for every slide. • Save annotations directly into their Annotate web account⁴. • Share their annotations with others⁴. • Capture screenshots of web pages with annotations and add them directly into an Annotate notebook. • Insert images from the web, including image searches, directly into their Annotate notebook with just a click. • Use the laser pointer tool to point out details and draw attention. • Stream their entire desktop screen, a single application, or just a Chrome tab¹. • Stream speaker and microphone audio¹ from their computer to a projector² and student devices. • Select a monitor for sharing if they have multiple screens/monitors connected to their computer¹. Create an account at https://annotate.net to access these awesome features. ¹The extension provides screen sharing and audio streaming support in your Annotate web account in older versions of Chrome. ²Requires the Annotate Mirror Client v11.0+ or the Annotate Chrome Client Lite running on the PC/ Mac/ Chromebox connected to your projector. ³Feature limitations may apply depending on your account type. Please review https://annotate.net/pricing for the list of features available in different accounts. ⁴Some features are not available in student accounts. Version History New in v8.13+ • Bookmarks in PDFs • Hide/unhide PDF pages New in v7.22+ • Page rotation in PDFs • Blank document/ Infinite canvas support for PDFs and web pages New in v7.20+ • Google Classroom support New in v7.00+ • Bug fixes and general improvements Tools and features added in versions prior to 7.0 • Screen Shade tool with Spotlight support • Comments in web pages • Improved compatibility with Canva • Drawing support when toolbar is minimized • Export Google Slides with annotations and media³ • View, add, edit, and reply to comments in PDFs • Export PDFs with annotations and media³ • Add Media (images and videos) • Timer and Stopwatch • Voice notes • Screen + Camera recording • Multi-line Equation Editor • Line, Rectangle (Box), and Ellipse

4.5 out of 5 261 ratings Google doesn't verify reviews. Learn more about results and reviews.

Review's profile picture

Louis Keal Jan 27, 2024

DOES NOT WORK For an app that does a simple job, it still requires registration to use at all. Try to register and you're greeted with "cannot process the registration" or something. Wasting my time on repeating attempts, and no way to make it work without registering. Ridiculous.

Review's profile picture

Ricardo R Jan 17, 2024

I do like. It works well on both Edge and Chrome. My only concern is that, when I zoom in the screen, the tool bar gets expanded too, and so do all the writing features. It would be better if, regarless of our expanding or reducing the screen size, the took bar and all its features remained the same.

Review's profile picture

Luise Grice Nov 16, 2023

Would be better if it had shortcuts I can use with my left hand and draw etc with my right hand. An arrow (to point with) would also be handy. Thank you!

  • Version 8.32
  • Updated February 17, 2024
  • Report a concern
  • Size 3.3MiB
  • Languages English (United States)
  • Developer Website Email [email protected]
  • Non-trader This developer has not identified itself as a trader. For consumers in the European Union, please note that consumer rights do not apply to contracts between you and this developer.

Annotate: Web Annotations with Screen Sharing has disclosed the following information regarding the collection and usage of your data. More detailed information can be found in the developer's privacy policy .

Annotate: Web Annotations with Screen Sharing collects the following:

This developer declares that your data is.

  • Not being sold to third parties, outside of the approved use cases
  • Not being used or transferred for purposes that are unrelated to the item's core functionality
  • Not being used or transferred to determine creditworthiness or for lending purposes

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Terms of Use

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How to Annotate Texts

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Annotation Fundamentals

How to start annotating , how to annotate digital texts, how to annotate a textbook, how to annotate a scholarly article or book, how to annotate literature, how to annotate images, videos, and performances, additional resources for teachers.

Writing in your books can make you smarter. Or, at least (according to education experts), annotation–an umbrella term for underlining, highlighting, circling, and, most importantly, leaving comments in the margins–helps students to remember and comprehend what they read. Annotation is like a conversation between reader and text. Proper annotation allows students to record their own opinions and reactions, which can serve as the inspiration for research questions and theses. So, whether you're reading a novel, poem, news article, or science textbook, taking notes along the way can give you an advantage in preparing for tests or writing essays. This guide contains resources that explain the benefits of annotating texts, provide annotation tools, and suggest approaches for diverse kinds of texts; the last section includes lesson plans and exercises for teachers.

Why annotate? As the resources below explain, annotation allows students to emphasize connections to material covered elsewhere in the text (or in other texts), material covered previously in the course, or material covered in lectures and discussion. In other words, proper annotation is an organizing tool and a time saver. The links in this section will introduce you to the theory, practice, and purpose of annotation. 

How to Mark a Book, by Mortimer Adler

This famous, charming essay lays out the case for marking up books, and provides practical suggestions at the end including underlining, highlighting, circling key words, using vertical lines to mark shifts in tone/subject, numbering points in an argument, and keeping track of questions that occur to you as you read. 

How Annotation Reshapes Student Thinking (TeacherHUB)

In this article, a high school teacher discusses the importance of annotation and how annotation encourages more effective critical thinking.

The Future of Annotation (Journal of Business and Technical Communication)

This scholarly article summarizes research on the benefits of annotation in the classroom and in business. It also discusses how technology and digital texts might affect the future of annotation. 

Annotating to Deepen Understanding (Texas Education Agency)

This website provides another introduction to annotation (designed for 11th graders). It includes a helpful section that teaches students how to annotate reading comprehension passages on tests.

Once you understand what annotation is, you're ready to begin. But what tools do you need? How do you prepare? The resources linked in this section list strategies and techniques you can use to start annotating. 

What is Annotating? (Charleston County School District)

This resource gives an overview of annotation styles, including useful shorthands and symbols. This is a good place for a student who has never annotated before to begin.

How to Annotate Text While Reading (YouTube)

This video tutorial (appropriate for grades 6–10) explains the basic ins and outs of annotation and gives examples of the type of information students should be looking for.

Annotation Practices: Reading a Play-text vs. Watching Film (U Calgary)

This blog post, written by a student, talks about how the goals and approaches of annotation might change depending on the type of text or performance being observed. 

Annotating Texts with Sticky Notes (Lyndhurst Schools)

Sometimes students are asked to annotate books they don't own or can't write in for other reasons. This resource provides some strategies for using sticky notes instead.

Teaching Students to Close Read...When You Can't Mark the Text (Performing in Education)

Here, a sixth grade teacher demonstrates the strategies she uses for getting her students to annotate with sticky notes. This resource includes a link to the teacher's free Annotation Bookmark (via Teachers Pay Teachers).

Digital texts can present a special challenge when it comes to annotation; emerging research suggests that many students struggle to critically read and retain information from digital texts. However, proper annotation can solve the problem. This section contains links to the most highly-utilized platforms for electronic annotation.

Evernote is one of the two big players in the "digital annotation apps" game. In addition to allowing users to annotate digital documents, the service (for a fee) allows users to group multiple formats (PDF, webpages, scanned hand-written notes) into separate notebooks, create voice recordings, and sync across all sorts of devices. 

OneNote is Evernote's main competitor. Reviews suggest that OneNote allows for more freedom for digital note-taking than Evernote, but that it is slightly more awkward to import and annotate a PDF, especially on certain platforms. However, OneNote's free version is slightly more feature-filled, and OneNote allows you to link your notes to time stamps on an audio recording.

Diigo is a basic browser extension that allows a user to annotate webpages. Diigo also offers a Screenshot app that allows for direct saving to Google Drive.

While the creators of Hypothesis like to focus on their app's social dimension, students are more likely to be interested in the private highlighting and annotating functions of this program.

Foxit PDF Reader

Foxit is one of the leading PDF readers. Though the full suite must be purchased, Foxit offers a number of annotation and highlighting tools for free.

Nitro PDF Reader

This is another well-reviewed, free PDF reader that includes annotation and highlighting. Annotation, text editing, and other tools are included in the free version.

Goodreader is a very popular Mac-only app that includes annotation and editing tools for PDFs, Word documents, Powerpoint, and other formats.

Although textbooks have vocabulary lists, summaries, and other features to emphasize important material, annotation can allow students to process information and discover their own connections. This section links to guides and video tutorials that introduce you to textbook annotation. 

Annotating Textbooks (Niagara University)

This PDF provides a basic introduction as well as strategies including focusing on main ideas, working by section or chapter, annotating in your own words, and turning section headings into questions.

A Simple Guide to Text Annotation (Catawba College)

The simple, practical strategies laid out in this step-by-step guide will help students learn how to break down chapters in their textbooks using main ideas, definitions, lists, summaries, and potential test questions.

Annotating (Mercer Community College)

This packet, an excerpt from a literature textbook, provides a short exercise and some examples of how to do textbook annotation, including using shorthand and symbols.

Reading Your Healthcare Textbook: Annotation (Saddleback College)

This powerpoint contains a number of helpful suggestions, especially for students who are new to annotation. It emphasizes limited highlighting, lots of student writing, and using key words to find the most important information in a textbook. Despite the title, it is useful to a student in any discipline.

Annotating a Textbook (Excelsior College OWL)

This video (with included transcript) discusses how to use textbook features like boxes and sidebars to help guide annotation. It's an extremely helpful, detailed discussion of how textbooks are organized.

Because scholarly articles and books have complex arguments and often depend on technical vocabulary, they present particular challenges for an annotating student. The resources in this section help students get to the heart of scholarly texts in order to annotate and, by extension, understand the reading.

Annotating a Text (Hunter College)

This resource is designed for college students and shows how to annotate a scholarly article using highlighting, paraphrase, a descriptive outline, and a two-margin approach. It ends with a sample passage marked up using the strategies provided. 

Guide to Annotating the Scholarly Article (ReadWriteThink.org)

This is an effective introduction to annotating scholarly articles across all disciplines. This resource encourages students to break down how the article uses primary and secondary sources and to annotate the types of arguments and persuasive strategies (synthesis, analysis, compare/contrast).

How to Highlight and Annotate Your Research Articles (CHHS Media Center)

This video, developed by a high school media specialist, provides an effective beginner-level introduction to annotating research articles. 

How to Read a Scholarly Book (AndrewJacobs.org)

In this essay, a college professor lets readers in on the secrets of scholarly monographs. Though he does not discuss annotation, he explains how to find a scholarly book's thesis, methodology, and often even a brief literature review in the introduction. This is a key place for students to focus when creating annotations. 

A 5-step Approach to Reading Scholarly Literature and Taking Notes (Heather Young Leslie)

This resource, written by a professor of anthropology, is an even more comprehensive and detailed guide to reading scholarly literature. Combining the annotation techniques above with the reading strategy here allows students to process scholarly book efficiently. 

Annotation is also an important part of close reading works of literature. Annotating helps students recognize symbolism, double meanings, and other literary devices. These resources provide additional guidelines on annotating literature.

AP English Language Annotation Guide (YouTube)

In this ~10 minute video, an AP Language teacher provides tips and suggestions for using annotations to point out rhetorical strategies and other important information.

Annotating Text Lesson (YouTube)

In this video tutorial, an English teacher shows how she uses the white board to guide students through annotation and close reading. This resource uses an in-depth example to model annotation step-by-step.

Close Reading a Text and Avoiding Pitfalls (Purdue OWL)

This resources demonstrates how annotation is a central part of a solid close reading strategy; it also lists common mistakes to avoid in the annotation process.

AP Literature Assignment: Annotating Literature (Mount Notre Dame H.S.)

This brief assignment sheet contains suggestions for what to annotate in a novel, including building connections between parts of the book, among multiple books you are reading/have read, and between the book and your own experience. It also includes samples of quality annotations.

AP Handout: Annotation Guide (Covington Catholic H.S.)

This annotation guide shows how to keep track of symbolism, figurative language, and other devices in a novel using a highlighter, a pencil, and every part of a book (including the front and back covers).

In addition to written resources, it's possible to annotate visual "texts" like theatrical performances, movies, sculptures, and paintings. Taking notes on visual texts allows students to recall details after viewing a resource which, unlike a book, can't be re-read or re-visited ( for example, a play that has finished its run, or an art exhibition that is far away). These resources draw attention to the special questions and techniques that students should use when dealing with visual texts.

How to Take Notes on Videos (U of Southern California)

This resource is a good place to start for a student who has never had to take notes on film before. It briefly outlines three general approaches to note-taking on a film. 

How to Analyze a Movie, Step-by-Step (San Diego Film Festival)

This detailed guide provides lots of tips for film criticism and analysis. It contains a list of specific questions to ask with respect to plot, character development, direction, musical score, cinematography, special effects, and more. 

How to "Read" a Film (UPenn)

This resource provides an academic perspective on the art of annotating and analyzing a film. Like other resources, it provides students a checklist of things to watch out for as they watch the film.

Art Annotation Guide (Gosford Hill School)

This resource focuses on how to annotate a piece of art with respect to its formal elements like line, tone, mood, and composition. It contains a number of helpful questions and relevant examples. 

Photography Annotation (Arts at Trinity)

This resource is designed specifically for photography students. Like some of the other resources on this list, it primarily focuses on formal elements, but also shows students how to integrate the specific technical vocabulary of modern photography. This resource also contains a number of helpful sample annotations.

How to Review a Play (U of Wisconsin)

This resource from the University of Wisconsin Writing Center is designed to help students write a review of a play. It contains suggested questions for students to keep in mind as they watch a given production. This resource helps students think about staging, props, script alterations, and many other key elements of a performance.

This section contains links to lessons plans and exercises suitable for high school and college instructors.

Beyond the Yellow Highlighter: Teaching Annotation Skills to Improve Reading Comprehension (English Journal)

In this journal article, a high school teacher talks about her approach to teaching annotation. This article makes a clear distinction between annotation and mere highlighting.

Lesson Plan for Teaching Annotation, Grades 9–12 (readwritethink.org)

This lesson plan, published by the National Council of Teachers of English, contains four complete lessons that help introduce high school students to annotation.

Teaching Theme Using Close Reading (Performing in Education)

This lesson plan was developed by a middle school teacher, and is aligned to Common Core. The teacher presents her strategies and resources in comprehensive fashion.

Analyzing a Speech Using Annotation (UNC-TV/PBS Learning Media)

This complete lesson plan, which includes a guide for the teacher and relevant handouts for students, will prepare students to analyze both the written and presentation components of a speech. This lesson plan is best for students in 6th–10th grade.

Writing to Learn History: Annotation and Mini-Writes (teachinghistory.org)

This teaching guide, developed for high school History classes, provides handouts and suggested exercises that can help students become more comfortable with annotating historical sources.

Writing About Art (The College Board)

This Prezi presentation is useful to any teacher introducing students to the basics of annotating art. The presentation covers annotating for both formal elements and historical/cultural significance.

Film Study Worksheets (TeachWithMovies.org)

This resource contains links to a general film study worksheet, as well as specific worksheets for novel adaptations, historical films, documentaries, and more. These resources are appropriate for advanced middle school students and some high school students. 

Annotation Practice Worksheet (La Guardia Community College)

This worksheet has a sample text and instructions for students to annotate it. It is a useful resource for teachers who want to give their students a chance to practice, but don't have the time to select an appropriate piece of text. 

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.NET Annotated | May 2021

Rachel Appel

Did you know? C# has a goto statement. It’s true. But before you run out there to try this in your code, this is a great time to paraphrase the words of the honorable scientist Ian Malcolm in Jurassic Park: “Your developers were so preoccupied with whether or not they could, they didn’t stop to think if they should”. Definitely stop and think if you “should” before using goto .

.NET Annotated Monthly newsletter by JetBrains!

  • Announcing Open Source C# standardization
  • .NET Framework 4.5.2, 4.6, 4.6.1 will reach End of Support on April 26, 2022
  • Announcing .NET 6 Preview 3
  • Announcing .NET Multi-platform App UI Preview 3

Featured Content

On .NET Show logo

  • Maddy Leger takes you on A Journey to .NET MAUI .
  • Jasmine Greenaway reviews C# Language Highlights: Using Static Directive .
  • Jayme Singleton discusss C# Language Highlights: Init only setters .
  • Merrie McGraw demonstrates Accessibility and Perf improvements to WinForms .
  • Matthias Koch from JetBrains discusses Build Automation with NUKE .

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Tutorials and articles

.NET tutorials & content

  • SignalR with JavaScript in ASP.NET Core MVC – Yes, people still do MVC with SignalR for real-time data processing. Not everyone has moved to Blazor yet, where SignalR is largely unnoticed and under the hood. So Golda from Code Murals shows how to use SignalR and JavaScript in an ASP.NET MVC App.
  • Read and Write Excel Spreadsheets With C# – Our own Khalid Abuhakmeh has written this Excel-ent post about a rather common request – to read and write to a spreadsheet. Someone in the office always wants to save data in Excel format.
  • Convert XLS and XLSX to PDF with .NET Core (C#, VB, and Java) – Once you’ve written that app to export data to Excel, you can count on your non-programmer coworkers to ask you to convert it to PDF. Every. Time. So check out this timely post by Gabriel Smith after you’ve read Khalid’s post.
  • Let’s Build an AWS Lambda in C#! – Finally! A series so many have been waiting for. Lewis Westbury created a 6-Part series demonstrating how to build an AWS Lambda in C#, from start to finish. There’s so many technologies out there outside of Microsoft that folks need to integrate with, and not enough articles explaining how to do it. Thanks Lewis!
  • Introducing GraphQLinq – Strongly Typed GraphQL Queries with LINQ to GraphQL. – More and more .NET folks are venturing into GraphQL, and most .NET devs are familiar with LINQ. So this tutorial from Giorgi Dalakishvili is helpful in many aspects as you approach GraphQL.
  • Accessing Dapr secrets building block using Dapr .NET SDK – Laurent Kempé (featured in April’s .NET Annotated) has been working with and writing extensively about Dapr. So it’s no secret that at some point Laurent would write about how to manage secrets securely when working with Dapr.
  • .NET 6 Has a Linux-Shaped Hole – Matthew MacDonald lays out the gaps that Microsoft needs to fill regarding cross-platform development, particularly on Linux.
  • Relational Databases Aren’t Dinosaurs, They’re Sharks – This is an excellent post by Justin Etheredge reminding us that we shouldn’t toss our relational database for the shiny, new graph or document database. Often, an RDBMS is exactly what we need.
  • Meet the .NET Upgrade Assistant, Your .NET 5 Moving Company – Like it or not, at some point we all have to upgrade. Well, maybe not always but it’s difficult to avoid when companies want to appear up to date. For those upgrading, Dave Brock wrote this article for you.
  • C# 9 top-level programs and target-typed expressions – This is a fantastic series by Tom Deseyn on all the fantastic features of C# 9 and .NET 6. He’s got everything from pattern matching and records to async streams and nullable references. A must read.
  • .NET 6 LINQ Improvements – Jonathan Allen reviews the many improvements in .NET 6 LINQ.
  • Using Blazor WebAssembly, SignalR and C# 9 to create Full-stack Real time Applications – Once you’ve read Golda’s post (see earlier in this newsletter), then head over to Daniel Jimenez Garcia’s blog to get a taste of how those same technologies are done, but now with Blazor (including WebAssembly, SignalR, and C# for real-time apps).
  • Introduction to Blazor Form Handling & Input Validation – Nearly every developer works with forms and validation at some point, so read through this comprehensive post by Claudio Bernasconi covering forms and validation in Blazor.
  • Nullable Reference types in C# – Best practices – Learn a few great practices about nullable reference types by Damir Arh.
  • Type-safety across .Net and TypeScript – Testing JSON serialization and deserialization – This post by Urs Enzler covers type-safety and testing across the board between .NET and TypeScript. Many .NET developers must use JavaScript or TypeScript in their .NET apps, and it’s important to know how types behave in each.
  • Rendering dynamic content in Blazor Wasm using DynamicComponent – Kristoffer Strube takes Blazor developer even deeper into the subject by showing how to render dynamic content – something you don’t see in the basic tutorials. So check it out.
  • .NET Core Integration Tests using a Sql Server Database in Docker – We know we need to do them, but integration tests can seem daunting to many developers. Paul DeVito breaks it down and shows that you can build quality integration tests using Docker for higher quality software.
  • Why is the ASP.NET Core FromBody not working or returning null? – Great question! But frustrating if you’re experiencing this without any help to fix it. David Grace solves the problem and shared the solution with us all. Thanks!
  • .NET quiz – check your level of knowledge about .NET memory management – This is super fun! Konrad Kokosa built a quiz where you can check your own memory about .NET memory. Try the quiz and let us know how you did in the comments! We’d love to hear how everyone does on the test.

Related programming tutorials

  • DAIMTO Developer Tips – Check out Linda Lawton’s YouTube channel for the latest in programming Google APIs, particularly the ones where she uses .NET to access them. There’s a lot of great content in here.
  • Why Learn Kotlin? – Ksenia Shneyveys wrote a nice post about the virtues of Kotlin. I encourage .NET developers to learn other languages at least at an intermediate level, and those languages should be the ones outside of .NET. Doing this builds your skills as a .NET developer as you learn practices and language constructs that are helpful for .NET.
  • Design Mistakes You’re Making with Your Mobile Forms (and How to Fix Them) – Designing excellent UXs and UIs is important, as it directly affects users and usability. A good or bad UX can lead to the success or failure of a product. Good news for us, Suzanne Scacca is here guide you in the right direction when building or modifying ever-important UXs.
  • Understanding JavaScript’s Array Reduce – Learning patterns and techniques from languages outside of .NET is a great way to gain insights about .NET languages. So check out this post by Marina Mosti revealing how JavaScript’s Array.reduce works.
  • How to monitor your web application availability – Iryne Somera demonstrates a straightforward way to do a chore we have to do but don’t like to: monitoring apps. Hopefully, this post makes that easier.
  • How we ship code faster and safer with feature flags – This is a great resource. If you’re not using feature flags, check out what they are and how this technique can get your code out to customers faster. Post by Alberto Gimeno.
  • The Right Way to Adopt New Technology – Is there a right way? Karl Hughes makes the argument that there is, and proceeds to let us know what it is. What do you think? Let us know in the comments.
  • Working With TypeScript: A Practical Guide for Developers – It’s common for .NET developers to simply apply .NET techniques and expect .NET functionality in TypeScript when they start using it. But TypeScript isn’t .NET. It’s a superset of JavaScript. So this guide by Vincenzo Chianese shows great practical ways to avoid those traps.
  • Create a Windows 10 development virtual machine – For those of you who aren’t already out to sea on a Docker container ship – Thomas Maurer reminds us that VMs are useful and how to create them.

Thanks for this tweet, Danny. This can’t be said enough. Without empathy, there is no way engineers can truly connect with the people who use their products. When you can’t feel the same way as your users, you can’t make great software that works well for those same human users.

There is one particular trait that I think of when I think of a good developer. It is the same trait that makes s person better. Empathy. Empathy towards the problems people face, situations and challenges. That empathy will help you create solutions that will help many people! — Danny Thompson (@DThompsonDev) April 22, 2021

Interesting and cool stuff

  • Writing a better Tech Resume / CV – Have you ever looked for a job? Do you think you will again or know someone who will? Then read and share this excellent and necessary article by Rebecca Franks on writing a better tech resume.
  • Tips For Leaders On Running Successful One-On-One Meetings – Few managers are ever trained to be a manager. Sure, a rare handful may take a course in leadership or similar. So they all need a little help. But so do the underlings! After all, 1:1 means there are 2 (two) people in the meeting! That’s why Kat Boogaard’s blog post on successful 1:1’s is something everyone should read.
  • How to measure the energy consumption of your apps – For those who are environmentally conscious or just want to save on their power bills. Sara Bergman shows how to measure the energy consumption of your apps.

And onto fun tweets…

We’ve all been there, Jen. We feel you. Yeah, we feel you.

Choosing a variable name pic.twitter.com/NsP6faCLJC — Jen Gentleman 🌺 (@JenMsft) April 10, 2021

I suggested this to the Rider team leads. We’ll see how it goes in the first episode of Rider | Season 1 (S01E00) .

Maybe software releases would feel more epic if we ditched the semver major / minor thing and went for seasons and episodes… “Fans are hyped for the new drop of #DotNet S06E03! Catch our liveblog for spoilers, explainers, a look at the mysterious new B3n character, and more!” — Jon Galloway (@jongalloway) April 23, 2021

And finally, the latest from JetBrains

Here’s a chance to catch up on JetBrains news that you might have missed:

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Definition of annotate

intransitive verb

transitive verb

Examples of annotate in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'annotate.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Latin annotatus , past participle of annotare , from ad- + notare to mark — more at note

1693, in the meaning defined at transitive sense

Dictionary Entries Near annotate

Cite this entry.

“Annotate.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/annotate. Accessed 21 Feb. 2024.

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to supply with critical or explanatory notes ; comment upon in notes : to annotate the works of Shakespeare.

to make annotations or notes .

Origin of annotate

Other words from annotate.

  • an·no·ta·tive, an·no·ta·to·ry [ an - uh -tey-t uh -ree, -t uh -tawr-ee, -tohr-ee; uh - noh -t uh -tawr-ee, -tohr-ee], /ˈæn əˌteɪ tə ri, -təˌtɔr i, -ˌtoʊr i; əˈnoʊ təˌtɔr i, -ˌtoʊr i/, adjective
  • an·no·ta·tor, noun
  • o·ver·an·no·tate, verb, o·ver·an·no·tat·ed, o·ver·an·no·tat·ing.
  • re·an·no·tate, verb, re·an·no·tat·ed, re·an·no·tat·ing.

Words Nearby annotate

  • annonaceous
  • annona family
  • announcement

Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2024

How to use annotate in a sentence

An AI trained to recognize cancer from a slew of medical scans, annotated in yellow marker by a human doctor, could learn to associate “yellow” with “cancer.”

To make any sense of these images, and in turn, what the brain is doing, the parts of neurons have to be annotated in three dimensions, the result of which is a wiring diagram.

This kind of labeling and reconstruction is necessary to make sense of the vast datasets in connectomics, and have traditionally required armies of undergraduate students or citizen scientists to manually annotate all chunks.

Once a video is annotated with a topic, it is associated with IAB’s categories to be monetized.

You should annotate your reports to document these indexing bugs during the month of September through October 14th.

The latest $400 model has a reading light and a touch screen that allows you to annotate while reading.

Madame Beattie threw back her plumed head and laughed, the same laugh she had used to annotate the stories.

He read industriously for some time, occasionally pausing to annotate ; and once or twice he raised his head and listened.

He would annotate three hundred volumes for a page of facts.

To annotate it in detail would be to spoil its completeness.

His curiosity turning to admiration, he began to translate and annotate the most striking treatises that fell into his hands.

British Dictionary definitions for annotate

/ ( ˈænəʊˌteɪt , ˈænə- ) /

to supply (a written work, such as an ancient text) with critical or explanatory notes

Derived forms of annotate

  • annotatable , adjective
  • annotative , adjective
  • annotator , noun

Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

Learning Center

Annotating Texts

What is annotation.

Annotation can be:

  • A systematic summary of the text that you create within the document
  • A key tool for close reading that helps you uncover patterns, notice important words, and identify main points
  • An active learning strategy that improves comprehension and retention of information

Why annotate?

  • Isolate and organize important material
  • Identify key concepts
  • Monitor your learning as you read
  • Make exam prep effective and streamlined
  • Can be more efficient than creating a separate set of reading notes

How do you annotate?

Summarize key points in your own words .

  • Use headers and words in bold to guide you
  • Look for main ideas, arguments, and points of evidence
  • Notice how the text organizes itself. Chronological order? Idea trees? Etc.

Circle key concepts and phrases

  • What words would it be helpful to look-up at the end?
  • What terms show up in lecture? When are different words used for similar concepts? Why?

Write brief comments and questions in the margins

  • Be as specific or broad as you would like—use these questions to activate your thinking about the content
  • See our handout on reading comprehension tips for some examples

Use abbreviations and symbols

  • Try ? when you have a question or something you need to explore further
  • Try ! When something is interesting, a connection, or otherwise worthy of note
  • Try * For anything that you might use as an example or evidence when you use this information.
  • Ask yourself what other system of symbols would make sense to you.

Highlight/underline

  • Highlight or underline, but mindfully. Check out our resource on strategic highlighting for tips on when and how to highlight.

Use comment and highlight features built into pdfs, online/digital textbooks, or other apps and browser add-ons

  • Are you using a pdf? Explore its highlight, edit, and comment functions to support your annotations
  • Some browsers have add-ons or extensions that allow you to annotate web pages or web-based documents
  • Does your digital or online textbook come with an annotation feature?
  • Can your digital text be imported into a note-taking tool like OneNote, EverNote, or Google Keep? If so, you might be able to annotate texts in those apps

What are the most important takeaways?

  • Annotation is about increasing your engagement with a text
  • Increased engagement, where you think about and process the material then expand on your learning, is how you achieve mastery in a subject
  • As you annotate a text, ask yourself: how would I explain this to a friend?
  • Put things in your own words and draw connections to what you know and wonder

The table below demonstrates this process using a geography textbook excerpt (Press 2004):

A chart featuring a passage from a text in the left column and then columns that illustrate annotations that include too much writing, not enough writing, and a good balance of writing.

A common concern about annotating texts: It takes time!

Yes, it can, but that time isn’t lost—it’s invested.

Spending the time to annotate on the front end does two important things:

  • It saves you time later when you’re studying. Your annotated notes will help speed up exam prep, because you can review critical concepts quickly and efficiently.
  • It increases the likelihood that you will retain the information after the course is completed. This is especially important when you are supplying the building blocks of your mind and future career.

One last tip: Try separating the reading and annotating processes! Quickly read through a section of the text first, then go back and annotate.

Works consulted:

Nist, S., & Holschuh, J. (2000). Active learning: strategies for college success. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 202-218.

Simpson, M., & Nist, S. (1990). Textbook annotation: An effective and efficient study strategy for college students. Journal of Reading, 34: 122-129.

Press, F. (2004). Understanding earth (4th ed). New York: W.H. Freeman. 208-210.

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How to annotate: 5 strategies for success

How to annotate: 5 strategies for success

Have you ever written inside of a book?

It can feel a little mischievous to write on the pages of a book, as if we're breaking some rule. As children, we were taught not to write in our school books or library books, so annotations seemed taboo.

But what if writing in a book was not only OK but also encouraged?

Annotation is a practical and valuable way to engage with text, whether it’s a novel, textbook, or article. When done correctly, annotation can help you engage with the text, identify key points and themes, and even improve your comprehension.

In this article, we'll discuss what it means to annotate and how it can benefit your learning and comprehension. Get ready to learn how to annotate effectively with this five-step guide.

What is annotation?

How to annotate: sample annotations

Annotating is the act of adding notes, comments, or highlighting to a text as we read through it. These notes can be about anything — our thoughts, reactions, questions — and they can be written in any way we want, from symbols to complete sentences. This form of note-taking can help us remember key information in any text, whether it's a textbook for school or a novel we enjoy.

Although writing inside books has generally been discouraged and frowned upon in recent decades, the practice of annotation dates back centuries. The word “annote” from Latin “ad” meaning "to" + “notare” meaning "to mark or note," was first recorded in the mid-15th century.

Annotation has traditionally been used for scholars, researchers, and students to engage with texts. But it's also widely used by many others, from business professionals to authors like Mark Twain. His humorous marginalia is now collected and exhibited in libraries.

There are many ways to annotate a document, from underlining and highlighting to writing notes in the margins. Regardless of their form, annotations serve the same purpose — to help us better engage with and understand the text.

Why annotate?

Yellow notebook and a yellow pen

Annotating is an active reading strategy that facilitates the critical understanding of information in a text. As we note our thoughts and reflections, we can better engage with the material, identify main points and themes, and even improve our comprehension.

There are many benefits to annotating, whether we're reading for school or pleasure. Among the most significant are the following:

  • Encourages active reading. Annotation helps us move beyond passive reading and enables us to engage more with the text. Those who skim or scan when reading can benefit significantly, as it's easier to stay engaged and pay attention when we use annotation and focus on note-taking .
  • It helps the brain process information. Annotating means actively engaging with the text as we read through it. As a result, we can immerse ourselves in learning and engage our information processing system . The brain can encode and store information more effectively for long-term storage by processing information.
  • Annotating helps identify key points. As part of the annotation process, we perform an initial skim, highlighting or underlining the most important information and main points. This allows us to quickly identify and review key points later when we re-read, which is especially helpful when reading a long or complicated text.
  • A well-annotated text improves comprehension. When we thoroughly process and engage with the text, annotation can enhance our comprehension. In addition, social annotation, the practice of sharing and discussing annotations with others, can also increase understanding. Research has found that reading peer annotations helped students confirm their ideas, examine different viewpoints, and better understand course content.
  • It sparks creativity and critical thinking. As we annotate, we have to think about what we're reading and how it relates to what we already know. This process can help us see the text in new ways and use annotations to make connections we may not have otherwise made. This can lead to more creative and critical thinking about the content.
  • Annotation encourages further exploration. As we read, we may have questions about the text. Taking notes opens a dialogue with the text and encourages further learning. Research shows that annotation can lead to increased engagement and thus increased performance. In one study, student engagement and performance on equation- or procedural-based questions improved when instructors and students shared homework annotations on tablets .

what is annotate net

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Highlight, annotate or take notes from anywhere, and it's easily linked to a selected topic in your Knowledge Base.

How to annotate in 5 easy steps

Different colors of markers

Knowing how to annotate is a valuable skill for anyone, whether you're a student, professional, or lifelong self-learner. If you'd like to use annotation to discover and recall key information from your reading, here are a handful of steps to get started.

1. Choose your annotation tools

The first step is to choose your annotation tools. The tools that you choose will depend on the format of your text. If you’re annotating the pages of a book or printed text on a piece of paper, you will need different tools than if you’re annotating an electronic document on a computer or tablet.

Some standard annotation tools for paper texts include:

  • Pens and pencils
  • Highlighters in different colors
  • Sticky notes, tabs, or Post-it Notes

If you're using a physical book, choose materials that won't damage the pages. This means avoiding pens and markers with bleed-through ink and opting for pencils instead. Highlighters are also a good option, as long as they don't bleed through the pages.

For electronic texts, you can use digital versions of many of the same tools as you would for paper texts. However, some annotation-specific tools may come in handy. These include:

  • A digital pen or stylus
  • Note-taking software or apps like Evernote or Diigo
  • A bookmarking tool like Pocket
  • A tool that incorporates a native annotation process and records it automatically into your knowledge base, like ABLE .

If you're reading on a Kindle or other e-reader, you may be limited in the tools you can use. Check your device's documentation to see what options are available. No matter what format you're using, choosing tools you're comfortable with is key. This will make annotation more enjoyable and effective.

2. Select an annotation strategy

Now that you've selected tools, it's time to choose an annotation strategy. There are many ways to annotate, so experiment to find what works best for you. There are several common annotation strategies to try:

  • Descriptive: This strategy aims to summarize the most important points of the text. Briefly paraphrase the main points and state the essential information in your annotations. The exact format is flexible to your preferences. For example, you may link topics with their chapter titles or page numbers to make it easier to reference them, or write a brief summary of each section.
  • Evaluative: This version of annotation encourages critical thinking . In addition to summarizing the text, you'll analyze the work using this method. Evaluate the author's qualifications, the accuracy of the information, and any blatant bias in the text. In addition, you should also assess the research source's relevance to your overall research purpose and how it compares with others on your topic.
  • Informative: This method is similar to evaluation but focuses on the author's point of view rather than your own. In your summary of the source, you will take a neutral stance rather than express personal feelings about its relevance or quality. Provide only the facts the author provides, noting their main points, arguments, proof, and conclusions.
  • Combination: This is the most common form of annotation that uses a combination of two or more of the systems above. You can choose which elements of the other methods are most beneficial for your purposes. Take note of anything in the text that is new to you, such as unfamiliar words, concepts, places, or people. You could also highlight key information that confirms ideas or fills gaps in your understanding.

Once you choose a strategy that fits your reading intent, you're ready to start annotating.

3. Scan the text

Armed with your tools and strategy, you're ready to annotate For your first read, you will simply scan the text. During this initial read-through, there are a few key things to look for:

  • Title, headings, and subheadings. These will help you identify the topic and main ideas you'll focus on when you complete a close read.
  • Author or publisher attribution. This is the first step in analyzing the research source and evaluating reliability.
  • The abstract, and words and phrases in bold or italics. Further clues about the intended audience and purpose of the text can be revealed in these details.

As you scan, note anything that confuses you or doesn't make sense. When you do a close reading, you'll want to pay attention to these areas.

4. Skim for major ideas

Two notebooks and a pencil

After a quick scan of the text, it's time for a closer look. Read the text again, focusing on the bigger picture to identify the author's main points. This step doesn't include close reading of the text, but you'll want to take a little more time and skim the text more closely than in your initial scan.

During this read-through, your goal is to discover the thesis or central argument of the text. Take some time to note the format of the text, how the information is structured, and how the author supports their claims. Underline or highlight the major ideas of each section as you skim. Lastly, paraphrase the article in your own words near the header or at the end of the text.

5. Complete a close read

Once you understand the main points, you're ready to do a close reading. This is where you'll finally slow down, focus on the details, and do some note-taking.

Start at the beginning and slowly re-read the text. Keep your annotation strategy in mind as you read. Knowing whether you want to take a descriptive approach, use the evaluative method, or try another strategy will help you look for the areas you should annotate.

Whichever strategy you use, there are a few helpful things to keep in mind:

  • Be consistent with how you mark the text. Pick one color and use it throughout the text, or assign specific colors to specific points. For instance, yellow for key points, green for supporting information, red for questions, etc. Being consistent will ensure you can understand your annotations when you review them later.
  • Include a key or legend. If you use symbols — stars, arrows, question marks, or underlining — in your note-taking, it's helpful to create a key. It can be a simple list or chart; just explain what each marking means. For example, a star could mean further research is required while an underline indicates an important point. A key will help you (or any peers reading your annotations) identify and access relevant content.
  • Don't be afraid to use marginalia. If something confuses you, make a note of it. If you disagree with the author, jot down why. The insights found in marginalia are helpful in many ways, whether they encourage you to further research or offer your peers a different perspective.
  • Avoid over- or under-annotating. It can be tempting to highlight everything as you read, but this isn't helpful and can make it challenging to identify the most important information. Similarly, if you don't annotate enough, you might miss important details. Try to find a happy medium so you're not overwhelmed when reviewing your annotations later.

Adding annotations to a text is an individual process, so there’s no right or wrong way. However, you can use these tips to maximize your annotations and ensure they're helpful.

Enhance your learning with effective annotation

Whether reading for leisure or learning, knowing how to annotate can benefit your experience. Using annotations effectively improves your understanding of a text and enhances your memory and comprehension. Annotating allows you to take a more active role in your self-learning so you're not just passively reading but critically engaging with the material.

If you're new to annotation, start small. Pick one article or chapter and experiment with different annotation strategies. As you become more comfortable, you can try different approaches and find the one(s) that work best for you. With time and practice, annotating will become second nature — and you'll be able to reap all the benefits of this powerful learning tool.

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Meaning of annotate in English

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  • The book's annotated bibliography fills 45 pages .
  • You are allowed to bring annotated copies of the novel you have been studying into the exam .
  • Any attached documentation should be annotated with explanatory notes for clarification .
  • Students arrive at the lecture equipped with printed notes : all they have to do is to annotate these printouts .
  • He annotates and indexes a page in his notebook .
  • Typically I use this program to annotate a document with my own structured content .
  • Annotated data has facilitated recent advances in part of speech tagging , parsing , and other language processing issues .
  • dog whistle
  • parting shot

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How to Annotate

Last Updated: October 31, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Alexander Peterman, MA and by wikiHow staff writer, Hannah Madden . Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. He received his MA in Education from the University of Florida in 2017. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 334,569 times.

Slogging through a tough text is hard, and it can be even harder if you aren’t retaining the information. Annotating text is a purposeful note taking system that encourages close reading and literary analysis. When you go back to review a book or article, your annotations should help you find important information and jog your memory about relevant information. Your annotation system can be highly personalized, but you should establish your method before you start to read to make it easier on yourself.

Sample Annotations

what is annotate net

Highlighting Important Information

Step 1 Read the assignment carefully to identify priorities.

  • Clearly annotate the thesis and key parts of the argument in an essay. Underline evidence that you find questionable. This will be useful if you want to argue that the author’s thesis is wrong.
  • Annotations on works of literature usually identify plot, character, and theme. However, they can also include setting, vocabulary and figurative language.
  • If you are reading for pleasure, highlight points that you found very interesting and that you might want to go back to. Consider, for example, annotating quotes that you really like and might want to use later. In addition, if you run across a big idea that changes the way you think, highlight it so that you can return to it.

Step 2 Read closely

  • Slow down. Read aloud verbally or in your mind. Don't skim through the text.
  • You can also underline key terms or put brackets around longer phrases.

Step 3 Highlight the theme or thesis.

  • In an essay, the thesis is typically in the first paragraph, but not always. It summarizes the main point or idea of the essay.
  • The theme won't be a sentence. Instead, look for the repetition of certain ideas or significant passages (usually during the climax of the story).

Step 4 Keep writing utensils on you at all times.

  • Pens aren’t great since you can't erase it if you make a mistake. It may also take away from the sell-back value if this is a textbook.
  • If you choose to use a pen, consider blue. It will stand out from the black text of the book, but it won't detract from it, like hot pink or purple might.
  • If you can’t stand to write directly into your book, use Post-It notes instead.

Step 5 Highlight important passages.

  • Most e-book readers will allow you to highlight passages. Some will even allow you to use multiple colors when highlighting the text.
  • If you don't have a highlighter, put brackets around the passage instead. You can do this with a pencil or a colored ballpoint pen (i.e.: pink, purple, blue, red, etc).
  • If you're a visual learner, you can also artistically annotate important passages by drawing them and then writing an explanation of what your drawing is.
  • Stick to highlighting super important information. If your entire text is covered in highlighter, you won’t be able to figure out what’s actually important.

Step 6 Use different techniques to identify characters or literary tropes.

  • For example, you may want to circle new vocabulary, box figurative language, underline thematic statements, and place parentheses around descriptions of settings.
  • You can use different color highlighters to identify text relevant to character, theme, or setting. You can also use different color highlighters to identify important statements about different characters.
  • You can create different symbols to make it easier to identify relevant pages. For example, an asterisk in the margins or top of the page could identify pages with major parts of the argument. You can use arrows to point to quotes that you know you will use during the essay.

Step 7 Create a legend for your annotations.

  • For an e-reader, write a note at the beginning of the text.
  • Be as consistent as you can with your symbols so you understand what you were trying to say.

Taking Notes

Step 1 Write out your own original ideas in the margins.

  • A common mistake with annotations is to underline too much and take too few notes. Your notes will help you to make important connections that you can refer to later. Otherwise, you might forget what it was that you found to be important about the underlined section.

Step 2 Make predictions as you read.

  • You won't always have to do this, especially if it is an essay.
  • Consider making your predictions on Post-it notes or on a separate sheet of paper. This will free up your margins for more important information.

Step 3 Keep an index of key information.

  • Keep a list of themes and important figurative elements. This is especially important if you are going to be asked to do a literary analysis or write an essay. You can write these on a separate piece of paper, or on a blank page in the front of the book.
  • While you're reading the text, keep track of moments when major characters change or evolve.
  • List comments and page numbers under each theme. The more detailed you are, the easier it will be to write a paper and provide evidence.

Step 4 Summarize the important points of each chapter.

  • In a book, you can write this in the space between chapters. For e-books, write notes at the end of the text in the chapter. You can also write comments on a separate piece of paper or in a word file.
  • You can also make a list of reflective questions to ask yourself at the end of every chapter so it's easier to summarize them.

Using Annotations to Understand a Tough Text

Step 1 Write down questions that you have.

  • Write these in the margins in pencil or on a separate sheet of paper.
  • When you get the answer, go back and write it under the question. If it's too long, write the page or paragraph number that the answer can be found on.

Step 2 Write definitions.

  • If there is enough space, you can write the definition under the passage. For example, text books often have several line breaks between paragraphs. Take advantage of these.
  • Take note of any key terms as well. Mark these in the passage so that you can see how they are used.

Step 3  Record new vocabulary words

  • You can write these directly next to the words as they appear, or you can keep a list on a separate piece of paper to look back on later.

Step 4 Number important steps in plot development or argument.

  • If, for example, you are reading a book on chemistry, you could number each step necessary to produce a chemical reaction.

Annotating Digital Text

Step 1 Highlight and write directly onto a PDF.

  • If you’re using a tablet, you can write on the margins of the PDF with a stylus to take notes.

Step 2 Download a browser extension to annotate texts online.

  • Diigo, A.nnotate, and Kindle for PC are a few popular browser extensions for annotation.
  • You should note that these browser extensions will often not let you annotate PDFs or word files—they’re for web pages only.

Step 3 Annotate directly onto a Zoom meeting.

  • Once your annotations are turned on, you can use a pen tool, highlight tool, and even share your screen with others so they can see your notes.
  • You can also annotate on the Zoom app if you’re using a mobile device.

Community Q&A

Community Answer

  • When annotating a book, add your opinion and what you feel about a particular sentence. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0
  • Remember to erase pencil notations before returning the book to a library or school classroom. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 2

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Take Better Notes

  • ↑ https://www.kellogg.edu/upload/eng151text/chapter/text-how-to-annotate/index.html
  • ↑ https://www.covcath.org/uploaded/06_Students/Annotation_Guide_AP_Language.pdf
  • ↑ https://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/invention/Annotating-a-Text/
  • ↑ https://learningcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/annotating-texts/
  • ↑ http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/rwc/handouts/the-writing-process-1/invention/Annotating-a-Text/
  • ↑ https://research.ewu.edu/writers_c_read_study_strategies
  • ↑ https://www.chino.k12.ca.us/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=34965&dataid=72719&FileName=Annotation%20Guidelines.pdf
  • ↑ https://techstyle.lmc.gatech.edu/how-to-annotate-digital-texts/
  • ↑ https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/115005706806-Using-annotation-tools-on-a-shared-screen-or-whiteboard

About This Article

Alexander Peterman, MA

Before you annotate a text, read it thoroughly so you can identify the main points or themes that you want to focus on. Next, highlight important passages and use different markings to identify things you want to make note of. For example, you can circle the names of any new characters as they appear, or underline statements relating to the theme. Then, create a legend by listing what each type of annotation means so that you can quickly find it again later. Finally, write an index of your notes on the text by writing down the page numbers and a short description of your observation on a separate paper. For tips from our Education reviewer on how to summarize each chapter in a text, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Trump ordered to pay over $355M for fraudulent business practices in New York

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Ximena Bustillo

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Former U.S. President Donald Trump and his lawyers Christopher Kise and Alina Habba attend the closing arguments in the Trump Organization civil fraud trial on Jan. 11 in New York City. Shannon Stapleton/Getty Images hide caption

Former U.S. President Donald Trump and his lawyers Christopher Kise and Alina Habba attend the closing arguments in the Trump Organization civil fraud trial on Jan. 11 in New York City.

A New York judge has ordered former President Donald Trump and executives at the Trump Organization to pay over $364 million in a civil fraud case, handing a win to New York Attorney General Letitia James, who sued Trump and his associates after a three-year investigation.

The Friday decision from Judge Arthur Engoron orders Trump and his flagship organization to pay the bulk of that amount: almost $355 million. Trump's two sons and co-defendants, Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr., are each liable for $4 million. Allen Weisselberg, a former Trump Organization executive, is liable for $1 million. The total is even higher with interest — more than $450 million overall, according to the attorney general's office.

"Their complete lack of contrition and remorse borders on pathological. They are accused only of inflating asset values to make more money. The documents prove this over and over again. This is a venial sin, not a mortal sin," Engoron wrote in the court filing. "Yet, defendants are incapable of admitting the error of their ways."

Trump himself called the decision a "Complete and Total SHAM" in an emailed statement and repeated his accusation that the justice system overall is politically biased against him.

James, however, declared that "justice has been served."

"This is a tremendous victory for this state, this nation, and for everyone who believes that we all must play by the same rules — even former presidents," the state attorney general said in a statement.

Additional consequences

The judge also decided to limit Trump and his co-defendants' ability to do business in the Empire State. Trump and his companies are prohibited from serving as an officer or director of any New York business or applying for loans for three years. His sons are limited from similar leadership roles for two years.

Jeffrey McConney, ex-controller of the Trump Organization and also a defendant, was not ordered to pay any amount, but he and Weisselberg are permanently barred from serving in the financial control function of any New York corporation or similar business entity registered or licensed in New York state.

"This Court is not constituted to judge morality; it is constituted to find facts and apply the law. In this particular case, in applying the law to the facts, the Court intends to protect the integrity of the financial marketplace and, thus, the public as a whole," Engoron wrote.

The ruling comes at a crucial time for Trump, the front-runner for the Republican presidential nomination. Engoron's decision comes a day after another judge set the date for what could be Trump's first criminal trial, related to hush money payments issued during the 2016 election .

Trump's New York hush money trial will start March 25

Trump's New York hush money trial will start March 25

He is facing a combined 91 state and federal charges, including several related to his role to stay in office after he lost the 2020 presidential election to Joe Biden. But the charges have done little to dent Trump's popularity among his base. Instead, the charges appear to have bolstered his credentials, potentially setting up a rematch with Biden.

The facts of the case

Trump and his two older sons are accused of knowingly committing fraud by submitting financial statements that inflated the value of their properties and other assets. The lawsuit alleges that from 2011 to 2021, Donald Trump and his organization created more than 200 false valuations to inflate his net worth by billions of dollars with the goal of getting better business, insurance and banking deals.

Engoron had already determined that there was fraud and that the former president, his sons and other executives were liable.

Throughout the trial, legal teams argued whether the value of notable Trump properties, such as Manhattan's Trump Tower and 40 Wall Street, were inflated deliberately.

Documents shown during trial ranged from spreadsheets to signed financial statements. In one example, the attorney general's legal team showed that Trump's triplex in his eponymously named Manhattan building was marked as being almost 11,000 square feet in 1994 and later as 30,000 square feet. A Forbes magazine article in 2017 originally shed light on the discrepancy.

The former president and three of his children, Donald Jr., Eric and Ivanka, who is not a defendant, all took the stand to testify about the valuation process and their involvement in the Trump Organization. Testifying in November , Trump argued that the estimated property values were actually conservative, and he said that he relied on others to compile the statements. His sons also testified that they relied on others , including their accounting firm, to come up with the numbers — even as emails and documents showed the Trumps ultimately approved them.

In closing briefs, Trump's team doubled down on the argument that the three members of the Trump family did not have knowledge or involvement in the creation, preparation or use of the fraudulent financial statements.

Closing arguments concludes in Trump civil fraud trial in New York

Closing arguments concludes in Trump civil fraud trial in New York

Trump says he won't testify as planned in his civil fraud trial

Trump says he won't testify as planned in his civil fraud trial

Who else testified.

Witnesses included former Trump allies such as Michael Cohen and Weisselberg , who was also a defendant.

Cohen testified that it was his responsibility, along with that of Weisselberg , "to reverse-engineer the very different asset classes, increase those assets in order to achieve the numbers" Trump had asked for.

Weisselberg, however, testified that he couldn't remember whether he discussed the financial statements with Trump as they were finalized.

The decision on Friday comes as Trump continues to campaign for the presidency. He will likely appeal this ruling, as he has in the other cases where he has suffered legal setbacks. It may take years before he parts with any money in the case.

New York judge brings back gag order on Donald Trump in civil fraud trial

New York judge brings back gag order on Donald Trump in civil fraud trial

  • trump corp.
  • letetia james
  • judge arthur engoron
  • Former President Trump
  • new york state

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The Judge Who Dealt a Huge Financial Blow to Trump

For more than three years, Justice Arthur F. Engoron has been ruling against the former president. On Friday, he handed Donald J. Trump a loss in his civil fraud trial.

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Arthur Engoron sits at his bench, looking over a laptop computer.

By Kate Christobek and Jonah E. Bromwich

During closing arguments at Donald J. Trump’s civil fraud trial, Arthur F. Engoron, the judge who has overseen the case for more than three years, made what might have been an unusual comment for any other jurist.

Justice Engoron, a lean 74-year-old with an unruly mop of white hair, acknowledged that his control of the courtroom had not been perfect.

He had allowed repetitive objections from Mr. Trump’s lawyers, despite protests by the New York attorney general’s office, which brought the case. He had often ignored Mr. Trump’s violations of courtroom decorum. At one point, the judge recalled, he had even let a witness answer his mobile phone while on the stand.

Despite all that, he warned the lawyers, “I don’t want you to think I’m a pushover.”

No one is likely to think so now. Justice Engoron on Friday ruled against the former president , finding that he had orchestrated a conspiracy to inflate his net worth , penalizing him $355 million and instituting a three-year ban from running his family business. Despite his absurdist humor and good cheer, the judge showed himself in the end to be a very serious man.

It was the culmination of what was surely one of the more intense periods of Justice Engoron’s professional life. During the trial, he contended with repeated anonymous antisemitic attacks on his family and on his law clerk, Allison Greenfield, and with threats to his own life. Last month, he was roused early one morning to find that a bomb squad had been dispatched to his Long Island home to respond to a report that turned out to be a hoax .

But despite the attacks, and his own clear desire for harmonious proceedings, Justice Engoron consistently came down hard on the former president. On Friday, he continued his streak of lacerating rulings.

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The Civil Fraud Ruling on Donald Trump, Annotated

Former President Donald J. Trump was penalized $355 million plus interest and banned for three years from serving in any top roles at a New York company, including his own, in a ruling on Friday by Justice Arthur F. Engoron.

Justice Engoron was an unlikely antagonist for the former president, who has repeatedly denounced him as a Democratic stooge. He is a former cabdriver and music instructor who served in the New York judiciary for more than 15 years before presiding over Mr. Trump’s bench trial. He served as both judge and jury, which the statute under which the lawsuit was brought requires.

He first began overseeing the case in 2020, and over the months, a dualistic approach emerged: He was solicitous in the courtroom, and scathing in written decisions.

In February 2022, for example, he supervised an explosive hearing at which he and Ms. Greenfield focused on keeping the peace. They listened with equanimity as lawyers for Mr. Trump protested that their client should not be subject to questioning under oath.

Then, in his written ruling, Justice Engoron did not hold back, asserting that the attorney general, Letitia James, had found “copious evidence of possible financial fraud” — evidence that he wrote justified the questioning. A couple of months later, he held Mr. Trump in contempt of court for failing to fully respond to a subpoena, eventually penalizing him $110,000 .

Justice Engoron moved directly into the spotlight last September, the week before the civil fraud trial started. In a pretrial ruling, he delivered a devastating blow to Mr. Trump, finding that his annual financial statements — which contained representations of his net worth — were filled with fraud .

On the morning of opening arguments, Mr. Trump entered the courtroom ready for a fight, telling the reporters in the hallway that he’d soon be on trial in front of a “rogue” judge. Minutes later, Justice Engoron took the bench and, with Mr. Trump seated before him, seemed wholly unfazed: One of his first comments was a joke about the pronunciation of his own name.

“I’m Judge Arthur Engoron, and that is the correct pronunciation of my surname,” he said. “En-GOR-on, not EN-go-ron or, even worse, En-GU-ron.”

He looked amused as photographers captured Mr. Trump scowling at the defense table, and he posed when they turned their lenses on him. Hours later, videos of Justice Engoron smiling at the cameras set to the theme song of the sitcom “Full House” would be played thousands of times on TikTok .

His lighthearted demeanor persisted. He joked as the photographers snapped similar pictures of Mr. Trump each day, commenting, “You look the same.” He said that he wanted history books to mention his vigor as he bounded up the stairs to the bench. He bantered with his court staff and offered lawyers well wishes on their birthdays.

The judge’s tone lent itself to a permissive atmosphere, and Mr. Trump and his legal team quickly capitalized. They routinely delivered long speeches lamenting the unfairness of the proceedings. They persuaded Justice Engoron to allow hours of testimony from expert witnesses, over the protestations of the attorney general’s office. Justice Engoron even permitted Donald Trump Jr. to deliver a glowing slide presentation about his family’s real estate holdings.

“Let him go ahead and talk about how great the Trump Organization is,” Justice Engoron said.

More than two hours later, the eldest Trump son had discussed his family’s history in real estate dating to the Yukon gold rush, along with the interiors of Trump Tower and his father’s love of golf. As the attorney general’s lawyers bristled, Justice Engoron occasionally smiled at the witness.

Justice Engoron’s tendency to give a green light was not simply the whim of an unconventional legal mind. He explained early in the trial that he wished to avoid a retrial of the case, or any second-guessing of his decisions from an appeals court.

“To me, that basically speaks in favor of allowing, rather than disallowing, the questions, answers, expert testimony, et cetera,” he said.

The judge had only a few red lines. He was infuriated by attacks on Ms. Greenfield, his principal law clerk. Her unusually visible role in the case — she sits next to Justice Engoron on the bench and confers with him on legal matters — drew harsh criticism from the defense.

During the first week of the trial, Justice Engoron issued a limited gag order prohibiting Mr. Trump from commenting on his staff after the former president shared a picture of Ms. Greenfield with Senator Chuck Schumer on Truth Social, calling her “Schumer’s Girlfriend.” Weeks later, the judge fined Mr. Trump $5,000 after learning that a copy of the post was still visible on Mr. Trump’s campaign website. At the time, he threatened steeper fines and possible imprisonment.

But the comments about Ms. Greenfield kept coming. In one of the trial’s most striking moments, Justice Engoron called Mr. Trump to the witness stand and questioned him about his statement to reporters referring to “a person who’s very partisan sitting alongside” the judge, “perhaps more partisan than he is.”

Mr. Trump argued that he had been talking about someone else. But Justice Engoron found that Mr. Trump’s answers were not credible and fined him an additional $10,000 for again attacking the law clerk.

“I am very protective of my staff,” Justice Engoron said that day. “I don’t want anybody killed.”

Behind the scenes, the judge was inundated with hundreds of threats from Mr. Trump’s supporters. They escalated whenever Mr. Trump personally targeted Justice Engoron and Ms. Greenfield, court officials said, requiring constant re-evaluation of the court’s security protocols. Mr. Trump falsely accused the judge’s wife of sharing anti-Trump rhetoric on social media and his son of receiving preferential access to the courtroom.

The disorder in the courtroom and the clamor outside of it seemed to have little impact on Justice Engoron’s view of the case and the fundamental issue at trial: Mr. Trump’s liability.

At one point, the judge denied the defense’s motion to end the case on the spot after bankers testified that they had been satisfied with Mr. Trump as a client. “The mere fact that the lenders were happy doesn’t mean that the statute wasn’t violated,” Justice Engoron said.

On an another occasion that Mr. Trump’s lawyers asked him to throw out the case, Justice Engoron was unyielding.

“No way, no how is this case being dismissed,” he said. “There is enough evidence in this case to fill this courtroom.”

William K. Rashbaum contributed reporting.

Jonah E. Bromwich covers criminal justice in New York, with a focus on the Manhattan district attorney's office, state criminal courts in Manhattan and New York City's jails. More about Jonah E. Bromwich

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    Annotate is a cloud based HTML5 web app that transforms your iPad, Chromebook, smartphone, or mobile device into a powerful engagement, assessment, and participation tool. The Annotate System 1 Your device screen is mirrored on your projector converting it into a mobile interactive whiteboard. 2

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    Annotate automatically grades several question formats including Yes/ No, True/ False, Multiple Choice, Multiple Response, Hotspot, and Fill in the Blanks/ Cloze question types. Instructors will need to grade Open Ended/ Short Answer and Draw/Paint question types only. Also, instructors have the freedom to over ride a system graded score.

  3. Annotate: Web Annotations with Screen Sharing

    Create an account at https://annotate.net to access these awesome features. ¹The extension provides screen sharing and audio streaming support in your Annotate web account in older versions...

  4. Annotate

    We created Annotate with a very compelling idea - allowing teachers to leverage just a tablet and existing classroom technology to engage their class, every day. Our hope is that Annotate can be an effective tool for teachers and students to explore new ways to create, share, discuss, and learn. We are headquartered in Attleboro, MA. Annotate ...

  5. How to use Annotate.net

    How to use Annotate.net - YouTube 0:00 / 12:44 Intro How to use Annotate.net Nicole Barney 464 subscribers Subscribe Subscribed 12 1.8K views 3 years ago A quick tutorial on how to use...

  6. Annotate

    Annotate.net is a cloud-based software service that transforms virtually any computer or mobile device into a powerful tool that includes features for presentation, screen sharing, voice conferencing, video streaming, annotation and administering assessments. It aims to improve instructor effectiveness and student engagement by facilitating an ...

  7. Annotate.net: IOS + Android Screen Mirroring, Digital Mobile

    AlternativeTo is a free service that helps you find better alternatives to the products you love and hate. The site is made by Ola and Markus in Sweden, with a lot of help from our friends and colleagues in Italy, Finland, USA, Colombia, Philippines, France and contributors from all over the world. That's right, all the lists of alternatives are crowd-sourced, and that's what makes the data ...

  8. How to Annotate Texts

    Annotating a Text (Hunter College) This resource is designed for college students and shows how to annotate a scholarly article using highlighting, paraphrase, a descriptive outline, and a two-margin approach. It ends with a sample passage marked up using the strategies provided.

  9. .NET Annotated

    Time for .NET Days Online - two days of action-packed, exciting tech talks by industry experts on May 11 & 12. Talks are recorded but you don't want to miss out! Register today! In the meantime, check out our .NET Tools Guide! Learning resources for ReSharper, Rider, and more!

  10. Annotate

    Annotate Definition. To annotate is to make notes on or mark up a text with one's thoughts, questions, or realizations while reading. The term annotation refers to the actual notes one has written ...

  11. Annotate Definition & Meaning

    : to make or furnish annotations (see annotation sense 1) for (something, such as a literary work or subject) annotated his translation of Dante's Divine Comedy annotative ˈa-nə-ˌtā-tiv adjective annotator ˈa-nə-ˌtā-tər noun Examples of annotate in a Sentence He annotated the text at several places.

  12. ANNOTATE Definition & Usage Examples

    verb (used with object),an·no·tat·ed, an·no·tat·ing. to supply with critical or explanatory notes; comment upon in notes: to annotate the works of Shakespeare. verb (used without object),an·no·tat·ed, an·no·tat·ing. to make annotations or notes. QUIZ Will This Quiz On Real (Or Fake!) Words Leave You Verklempt And Beduzzled?

  13. Annotating Texts

    Spending the time to annotate on the front end does two important things: It saves you time later when you're studying. Your annotated notes will help speed up exam prep, because you can review critical concepts quickly and efficiently. It increases the likelihood that you will retain the information after the course is completed.

  14. How to annotate: 5 strategies for success

    You could also highlight key information that confirms ideas or fills gaps in your understanding. Once you choose a strategy that fits your reading intent, you're ready to start annotating. 3. Scan the text. Armed with your tools and strategy, you're ready to annotate For your first read, you will simply scan the text.

  15. ANNOTATE

    verb [ T ] us / ˈæn·əˌteɪt / Add to word list writing to add notes or remarks on a piece of writing annotated bibliography An annotated bibliography is a list of books or articles with notes giving additional information about each item. (Definition of annotate from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

  16. ANNOTATE

    to add notes or remarks on a piece of writing annotated bibliography An annotated bibliography is a list of books or articles with notes giving additional information about each item. (Definition of annotate from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

  17. 3 Ways to Annotate an Article

    3. Create a separate notation page, if needed. If your comments begin to overflow the margins, then you may want to use another piece of paper for extra annotations. Just make sure to write down the page numbers for each comment or marking. You could also divide the page up according to sections of the article.

  18. 5 Ways to Annotate

    You can use arrows to point to quotes that you know you will use during the essay. 7. Create a legend for your annotations. Make a list that explains what each type of annotation you use means. If you are using a print out, write the key on a blank piece of paper attached to the printout.

  19. Do you have Data Annotation on your resume? : r/dataannotation

    To be fair, the work you do at DAT isn't the same thing a "data annotator" would do, for the most part; at least, not the tasks I'm getting. I was browsing here for ideas for the job title because we don't get one (although I'm beginning to think "Independent Contractor" is the best way to go and just describing the kinds of tasks we're asked to do.)

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  22. DataAnnotation.tech

    While no specific background experience is necessary, we're seeking individuals who have excellent writing and critical reasoning abilities, and are detail-oriented, creative, and self-motivated. Apply to DataAnnotation to train AI for on-demand work from home. Choose from diverse tasks that suit your skills, with flexible hours and pay ...