

World Investment Report 2011
Non-equity Modes of International Production and Development
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Book Review - World Investment Report 2011: Non-equity Modes of International Production and Development
by VGR Chandran Govindaraju
Germany Inward 41 190 61 091 4 218 37 627 46 134 9.1 0.6 6.4 7.7 Outward 47 072 121 736 77 142 78 200 104 857 10.4 11.1 13.2 17.6 Memorandum France Inward 36 415 84 339 64 184 34 027 33 905 12.6 10.3 6.2 6.4 Outward 68 177 129 986 155 047 102 949 84 112 23.5 24.8 18.8 15.9 United Kingdom Inward 50 809 176 192 91 489 71 140 45 908 19.7 20.7 22.3 14.0 Outward 95 919 146 495 161 056 44 381 11 020 37.1 36.4 13.9 3.4 European Union Inward 307 082 642 767 487 968 346 531 304 689 14.4 12.6 11.1 10.1 Outward 390 016 831 949 906 199 370 016 407 251 18.7 23.4 11.8 13.4 Europe Inward 319 408 678 432 514 975 387 825 313 100 14.3 12.6 11.7 9.7 Outward 416 562 917 805 983 284 434 171 475 763 19.1 24.1 13.1 14.8 Developed economies Inward 507 219 967 937 965 113 602 835 601 906 9.1 11.3 8.5 8.4 Outward 625 056 1 243 223 1 541 232 850 975 935 190 11.3 18.1 12.0 13.0 World Inward 718 542 1 471 784 1 744 101 1 185 030 1 243 671 9.8 12.5 9.5 9.1 Outward 703 779 1 487 426 1 910 509 1 170 527 1 323 337 ...
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Green Hydrogen in China: A Roadmap for Progress

Hydrogen is a promising solution for decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors, and China has incorporated it in its latest national development strategy. Yet, although China is the world’s largest hydrogen producer and consumer, less than 0.1% of the hydrogen it produces is from renewable sources of energy.
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World Energy Outlook 2023

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The World Energy Outlook 2023 provides in-depth analysis and strategic insights into every aspect of the global energy system. Against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions and fragile energy markets, this year’s report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy use are shifting the way that the world meets rising demand for energy.
This Outlook assesses the evolving nature of energy security fifty years after the foundation of the IEA. It also examines what needs to happen at the COP28 climate conference in Dubai to keep the door open for the 1.5 °C goal. And, as it does every year, the Outlook examines the implications of today's energy trends in key areas including investment, trade flows, electrification and energy access.
This flagship publication of the International Energy Agency is the energy world’s most authoritative source of analysis and projections. Published each year since 1998, its objective data and dispassionate analysis provide critical insights into global energy supply and demand in different scenarios and the implications for energy security, climate change goals and economic development.
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FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence
Today, President Biden is issuing a landmark Executive Order to ensure that America leads the way in seizing the promise and managing the risks of artificial intelligence (AI). The Executive Order establishes new standards for AI safety and security, protects Americans’ privacy, advances equity and civil rights, stands up for consumers and workers, promotes innovation and competition, advances American leadership around the world, and more. As part of the Biden-Harris Administration’s comprehensive strategy for responsible innovation, the Executive Order builds on previous actions the President has taken, including work that led to voluntary commitments from 15 leading companies to drive safe, secure, and trustworthy development of AI. The Executive Order directs the following actions: New Standards for AI Safety and Security
As AI’s capabilities grow, so do its implications for Americans’ safety and security. With this Executive Order, the President directs the most sweeping actions ever taken to protect Americans from the potential risks of AI systems :
- Require that developers of the most powerful AI systems share their safety test results and other critical information with the U.S. government. In accordance with the Defense Production Act, the Order will require that companies developing any foundation model that poses a serious risk to national security, national economic security, or national public health and safety must notify the federal government when training the model, and must share the results of all red-team safety tests. These measures will ensure AI systems are safe, secure, and trustworthy before companies make them public.
- Develop standards, tools, and tests to help ensure that AI systems are safe, secure, and trustworthy. The National Institute of Standards and Technology will set the rigorous standards for extensive red-team testing to ensure safety before public release. The Department of Homeland Security will apply those standards to critical infrastructure sectors and establish the AI Safety and Security Board. The Departments of Energy and Homeland Security will also address AI systems’ threats to critical infrastructure, as well as chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and cybersecurity risks. Together, these are the most significant actions ever taken by any government to advance the field of AI safety.
- Protect against the risks of using AI to engineer dangerous biological materials by developing strong new standards for biological synthesis screening. Agencies that fund life-science projects will establish these standards as a condition of federal funding, creating powerful incentives to ensure appropriate screening and manage risks potentially made worse by AI.
- Protect Americans from AI-enabled fraud and deception by establishing standards and best practices for detecting AI-generated content and authenticating official content . The Department of Commerce will develop guidance for content authentication and watermarking to clearly label AI-generated content. Federal agencies will use these tools to make it easy for Americans to know that the communications they receive from their government are authentic—and set an example for the private sector and governments around the world.
- Establish an advanced cybersecurity program to develop AI tools to find and fix vulnerabilities in critical software, building on the Biden-Harris Administration’s ongoing AI Cyber Challenge. Together, these efforts will harness AI’s potentially game-changing cyber capabilities to make software and networks more secure.
- Order the development of a National Security Memorandum that directs further actions on AI and security, to be developed by the National Security Council and White House Chief of Staff. This document will ensure that the United States military and intelligence community use AI safely, ethically, and effectively in their missions, and will direct actions to counter adversaries’ military use of AI.
Protecting Americans’ Privacy
Without safeguards, AI can put Americans’ privacy further at risk. AI not only makes it easier to extract, identify, and exploit personal data, but it also heightens incentives to do so because companies use data to train AI systems. To better protect Americans’ privacy, including from the risks posed by AI, the President calls on Congress to pass bipartisan data privacy legislation to protect all Americans, especially kids, and directs the following actions:
- Protect Americans’ privacy by prioritizing federal support for accelerating the development and use of privacy-preserving techniques— including ones that use cutting-edge AI and that let AI systems be trained while preserving the privacy of the training data.
- Strengthen privacy-preserving research and technologies, such as cryptographic tools that preserve individuals’ privacy, by funding a Research Coordination Network to advance rapid breakthroughs and development. The National Science Foundation will also work with this network to promote the adoption of leading-edge privacy-preserving technologies by federal agencies.
- Evaluate how agencies collect and use commercially available information —including information they procure from data brokers—and strengthen privacy guidance for federal agencies to account for AI risks. This work will focus in particular on commercially available information containing personally identifiable data.
- Develop guidelines for federal agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of privacy-preserving techniques, including those used in AI systems. These guidelines will advance agency efforts to protect Americans’ data.
Advancing Equity and Civil Rights
Irresponsible uses of AI can lead to and deepen discrimination, bias, and other abuses in justice, healthcare, and housing. The Biden-Harris Administration has already taken action by publishing the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights and issuing an Executive Order directing agencies to combat algorithmic discrimination , while enforcing existing authorities to protect people’s rights and safety. To ensure that AI advances equity and civil rights, the President directs the following additional actions:
- Provide clear guidance to landlords, Federal benefits programs, and federal contractors to keep AI algorithms from being used to exacerbate discrimination.
- Address algorithmic discrimination through training, technical assistance, and coordination between the Department of Justice and Federal civil rights offices on best practices for investigating and prosecuting civil rights violations related to AI.
- Ensure fairness throughout the criminal justice system by developing best practices on the use of AI in sentencing, parole and probation, pretrial release and detention, risk assessments, surveillance, crime forecasting and predictive policing, and forensic analysis.
Standing Up for Consumers, Patients, and Students
AI can bring real benefits to consumers—for example, by making products better, cheaper, and more widely available. But AI also raises the risk of injuring, misleading, or otherwise harming Americans. To protect consumers while ensuring that AI can make Americans better off, the President directs the following actions:
- Advance the responsible use of AI in healthcare and the development of affordable and life-saving drugs. The Department of Health and Human Services will also establish a safety program to receive reports of—and act to remedy – harms or unsafe healthcare practices involving AI.
- Shape AI’s potential to transform education by creating resources to support educators deploying AI-enabled educational tools, such as personalized tutoring in schools.
Supporting Workers
AI is changing America’s jobs and workplaces, offering both the promise of improved productivity but also the dangers of increased workplace surveillance, bias, and job displacement. To mitigate these risks, support workers’ ability to bargain collectively, and invest in workforce training and development that is accessible to all, the President directs the following actions:
- Develop principles and best practices to mitigate the harms and maximize the benefits of AI for workers by addressing job displacement; labor standards; workplace equity, health, and safety; and data collection. These principles and best practices will benefit workers by providing guidance to prevent employers from undercompensating workers, evaluating job applications unfairly, or impinging on workers’ ability to organize.
- Produce a report on AI’s potential labor-market impacts , and study and identify options for strengthening federal support for workers facing labor disruptions , including from AI.
Promoting Innovation and Competition
America already leads in AI innovation—more AI startups raised first-time capital in the United States last year than in the next seven countries combined. The Executive Order ensures that we continue to lead the way in innovation and competition through the following actions:
- Catalyze AI research across the United States through a pilot of the National AI Research Resource—a tool that will provide AI researchers and students access to key AI resources and data—and expanded grants for AI research in vital areas like healthcare and climate change.
- Promote a fair, open, and competitive AI ecosystem by providing small developers and entrepreneurs access to technical assistance and resources, helping small businesses commercialize AI breakthroughs, and encouraging the Federal Trade Commission to exercise its authorities.
- Use existing authorities to expand the ability of highly skilled immigrants and nonimmigrants with expertise in critical areas to study, stay, and work in the United States by modernizing and streamlining visa criteria, interviews, and reviews.
Advancing American Leadership Abroad
AI’s challenges and opportunities are global. The Biden-Harris Administration will continue working with other nations to support safe, secure, and trustworthy deployment and use of AI worldwide. To that end, the President directs the following actions:
- Expand bilateral, multilateral, and multistakeholder engagements to collaborate on AI . The State Department, in collaboration, with the Commerce Department will lead an effort to establish robust international frameworks for harnessing AI’s benefits and managing its risks and ensuring safety. In addition, this week, Vice President Harris will speak at the UK Summit on AI Safety, hosted by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.
- Accelerate development and implementation of vital AI standards with international partners and in standards organizations, ensuring that the technology is safe, secure, trustworthy, and interoperable.
- Promote the safe, responsible, and rights-affirming development and deployment of AI abroad to solve global challenges, such as advancing sustainable development and mitigating dangers to critical infrastructure.
Ensuring Responsible and Effective Government Use of AI
AI can help government deliver better results for the American people. It can expand agencies’ capacity to regulate, govern, and disburse benefits, and it can cut costs and enhance the security of government systems. However, use of AI can pose risks, such as discrimination and unsafe decisions. To ensure the responsible government deployment of AI and modernize federal AI infrastructure, the President directs the following actions:
- Issue guidance for agencies’ use of AI, including clear standards to protect rights and safety, improve AI procurement, and strengthen AI deployment.
- Help agencies acquire specified AI products and services faster, more cheaply, and more effectively through more rapid and efficient contracting.
- Accelerate the rapid hiring of AI professionals as part of a government-wide AI talent surge led by the Office of Personnel Management, U.S. Digital Service, U.S. Digital Corps, and Presidential Innovation Fellowship. Agencies will provide AI training for employees at all levels in relevant fields.
As we advance this agenda at home, the Administration will work with allies and partners abroad on a strong international framework to govern the development and use of AI. The Administration has already consulted widely on AI governance frameworks over the past several months—engaging with Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, the UAE, and the UK. The actions taken today support and complement Japan’s leadership of the G-7 Hiroshima Process, the UK Summit on AI Safety, India’s leadership as Chair of the Global Partnership on AI, and ongoing discussions at the United Nations. The actions that President Biden directed today are vital steps forward in the U.S.’s approach on safe, secure, and trustworthy AI. More action will be required, and the Administration will continue to work with Congress to pursue bipartisan legislation to help America lead the way in responsible innovation. For more on the Biden-Harris Administration’s work to advance AI, and for opportunities to join the Federal AI workforce, visit AI.gov .
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The World Investment Report 2011 forecasts that, barring any economic shocks, FDI flows will recover to pre-crisis levels over the next two years. The challenge for the development community is to make this anticipated investment have greater impact on our efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
4 World Investment Report 2011: Non-equity Modes of International Production and Development FDI stock is the value of the share of their capital and reserves (including retained profits) attributable to the parent enterprise, plus the net indebtedness of affiliates to the parent enterprise.
Global foreign direct investment (FDI) has not yet bounced back to pre-crisis levels, though some regions show better recovery than others. The reason is not financing constraints, but perceived risks and regulatory uncertainty in a fragile world economy. The World Investment Report 2011 forecasts that, barring any economic shocks, FDI flows will recover to pre-crisis levels over the next two ...
This report is widely regarded as the most authoritative source of data and analysis on the activities of transnational corporations, national and international regulatory regimes, and their implications for development. The 2011 edition focuses on the strategic use of non-equity modalities (e.g. contract manufacturing, service outsourcing, licensing, franchising, etc.) by transnational ...
All information in this report is verified to the best of the author's and the publisher's ability. However, the Economist ... 17 PART 1: World investment prospects to 2011 18 Global foreign direct investment to 2011 Laza Kekic 67 Regulatory risk and the growth of FDI Karl P Sauvant
The World Investment Report 2011 forecasts that, barring any economic shocks, FDI flows will recover to pre-crisis levels over the next two years. The challenge for the development community is to make this anticipated investment have greater impact on our efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.
2011 World Investment and PolItIcal rIsk World Investment Trends and Corporate Perspectives Government Takings ... Insurance Industry Errata for print edition of MIGA's World Investment and Political Risk 2011 report the following errors appear in printed copies of this report but have been corrected in the online version: Page 39: in third ...
The World Investment Report 2011(WIR11) was prepared by a team led by James Zhan. The team members include Richard Bolwijn, Quentin Dupriez, Masataka Fujita, Thomas van Giffen, Michael Hanni, Kalman Kalotay, Joachim Karl, Ralf Krüger, Guoyong Liang, Anthony Miller, Hafiz Mirza, Nicole Moussa, Shin Ohinata, Astrit Sulstarova, Elisabeth Tuerk, Jörg Weber and Kee Hwee Wee.
World Investment Report 2011 Non-equity Modes of International Production and Development Format * PDF. $47.50 (optional) Print. $95.00 (optional) This report is widely regarded as the most authoritative source of data and analysis on the activities of transnational corporations, national and international regulatory regimes, and their ...
The World Investment Report 2012 is a comprehensive and authoritative source of data and analysis on global FDI trends and policies. It examines the challenges and opportunities for developing and transition economies in attracting and benefiting from FDI, and proposes a new generation of investment policies to promote inclusive and sustainable development.
iv World Investment Report 2013: Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The World Investment Report 2013 (WIR13) was prepared by a team led by James Zhan.The team members included Richard Bolwijn, Bruno Casella, Joseph Clements, Hamed El Kady, Kumi Endo, Masataka Fujita, Noelia Garcia Nebra, Thomas van Giffen, Axèle Giroud, Ariel Ivanier, Joachim Karl ...
The World Investment Report supports policymakers by monitoring global and regional investment trends and national and international policy developments. This year's report reviews investment in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and shows the influence of investment policies on public health and economic recovery from the pandemic.
investment needs associated with the newly adopted Sustainable Development Goals and the ambitious action envisaged in the landmark Paris Agreement on climate change. This latest World Investment Report presents an Investment Facilitation Action Package to further enhance the enabling environment for investment in sustainable development.
The World Investment Report 2010 marks its 20th anniversary edition and draws attention to investing in a low-carbon economy. The report illustrates global and regional trends in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) followed by recent policy developments. Global FDI witnessed a modest, but uneven recovery in the first half of 2010. This sparks some cautious optimism for FDI prospects in the short ...
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The World Investment Report 2022 provides the latest trends and prospects for foreign direct investment. It documents the recovery of cross-border investment flows after the pandemic shock, looking at greenfield investment in industry, project finance in infrastructure, and international production activities of the largest multinationals. The Report also reviews recent policy developments ...
This report examines how foreign direct investment (FDI) can support sustainable post-pandemic recovery, drawing lessons from the impact of past global crises on FDI and the response of multinational enterprises and international investors that are still relevant today. It further identifies priority areas for investment in sustainable recovery, focusing on boosting growth and development and ...
Germany Inward 41 190 61 091 4 218 37 627 46 134 9.1 0.6 6.4 7.7 Outward 47 072 121 736 77 142 78 200 104 857 10.4 11.1 13.2 17.6 Memorandum France Inward 36 415 84 339 64 184 34 027 33 905 12.6 10.3 6.2 6.4 Outward 68 177 129 986 155 047 102 949 84
vi World Investment Report 2023 Investing in sustainable energy for all ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The World Investment Report 2023 was prepared by a team at UNCTAD led by James X. Zhan and coordinated by Richard Bolwijn. UNCTAD team members included Dafina Atanasova, Vincent Beyer, Bruno Casella, Joseph Clements, Mathilde Closset, Berna Dogan, Hamed El Kady,
World Investment Report 2013 Prepared by the UNCTAD. 1 WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2013 Global Value Chains: Investment and Trade for Development ... 2010 2011 2012 World 1 409 1 652 1 351 Developed economies 696 820 561 Developing economies 637 735 703 Africa 44 48 50 Asia 401 436 407 ...
This edition of the World Investment Report provides valuable analysis that can inform global discussions on how to accelerate progress toward the Millennium Development Goals and shape a long-range vision for a more sustainable future beyond 2015. The Report reveals an encouraging trend: after a decline in 2012, global foreign
The World Investment Report (WIR) is the leading publication on global trends and development relating to foreign direct investment (FDI) and transnational corporations (TNCs). The report analyzes the geography of FDI, patterns and shifts in the distribution of FDI at the national, regional and international levels. WIR 2001 focuses on the issue of linkages between foreign affiliates of ...
How can China, the world's largest producer and consumer of hydrogen, scale up the green hydrogen sector for decarbonizing hard-to-electrify sectors? This report lays out six specific goals and 35 enabling measures to overcome key barriers in China's green hydrogen market development. These centre on building a new energy system and a full supply chain of hydrogen through industrial ...
The World Energy Outlook 2023 provides in-depth analysis and strategic insights into every aspect of the global energy system. Against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions and fragile energy markets, this year's report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy use are shifting the way that the world meets rising demand for ...
The UNEP Adaptation Gap Report (AGR) series provides an annual science-based assessment of the global progress on adaptation planning, financing, and implementation. It also explores options for enhancing and advancing national and global adaptation efforts and provides an in-depth analysis of selected issues of interest. In addition to the update on adaptation planning and implementation, the ...
In 2023, temperature records toppled, while storms, floods, droughts and heatwaves caused devastation. UNEP's Adaptation Gap Report 2023: Underfinanced. Underprepared - Inadequate investment and planning on climate adaptation leaves world exposed finds that progress on climate adaptation is slowing when it should be accelerating to catch up with these rising climate change impacts.
October 31, 2023. Download publication PDF 2022-2023 Financial Statements. At IISD, we've been working for more than three decades to create a world where people and the planet thrive. As the climate crisis unfolds on our doorsteps and irreversible tipping points loom, our team has been switching gears: Recognizing that we need to speed up ...
Next Post: FACT SHEET:Biden-Harris Administration Announces Historic Investment to Bolster Nation's Electric Grid Infrastructure, Cut Energy Costs for Families, and Create Good-paying Jobs FACT ...
The World Investment Report 2011 forecasts that, barring any economic shocks, FDI flows will recover to pre-crisis levels over the next two years. The challenge for the development community is to make this anticipated investment have greater impact on our efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.