owl apa references

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

In-Text Citations

Resources on using in-text citations in APA style

Reference List

Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats

Other APA Resources

• SSU Library Home
• Research Guides
• Help Using the Library
• Citation Center
• Major Style Manuals
• Science Style Quick Guides
• EndNote Web
• Writing Center This link opens in a new window

Ask A Librarian

Purdue owl: research & citation resources.

The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) provides online access to, most popularly, citation style assistance for MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Some information is also provided for IEEE, AMA, and ASA styles.

Purdue OWL also provides general information about good writing, as well as subject-specific writing and job search writing.

• Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) Homepage
• Purdue OWL: APA Style (7th ed) This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the American Psychological Association (APA) citation and format style. Contains resources on in-text citation and the References page, as well as APA sample papers, slide presentations, and the APA classroom poster.
• Purdue OWL: MLA Style These OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation and format style. This section contains resources on in-text citation and the Works Cited page, as well as MLA sample papers, slide presentations, and the MLA classroom poster.
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Style This OWL resources will help you learn how to use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS). Contains resources on both Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography systems. Also includes a sample paper and formats for the classroom posters and PowerPoint presentations.
• << Previous: Citation Center
• Next: Major Style Manuals >>
• Last Updated: Apr 20, 2023 2:50 PM
• URL: https://shawneesu.libguides.com/citations

Skip to Content

Massey University

• Search OWLL
• Handouts (Printable)
• Pre-reading Service
• StudyUp Recordings
• StudyUp Postgraduate
• Academic writing
• Intro to academic writing
• What is academic writing?
• Writing objectively
• Writing concisely
• 1st vs. 3rd person
• Inclusive language
• Te Reo Māori
• Assignment planning
• Assignment planning calculator
• Interpreting the assignment question
• Command words
• Organising points
• Researching
• Identifying academic sources
• Evaluating source quality
• Editing & proofreading
• Apostrophes
• Other punctuation
• Active voice
• American vs. British spelling
• Conditionals
• Prepositions
• Pronoun Reference
• Sentence fragments
• Sentence Structure
• Subject-verb agreement
• Formatting and layout
• Word limits and assignment length
• Commonly confused words
• How assignments are marked
• Marking guides
• Getting an A
• Levels of assessment
• Using feedback
• Professional emails
• Forum posts
• Forum netiquette guidelines
• Sharing personal information
• Writing about personal experiences
• Assignment types
• What is an essay?
• Essay planning and structure
• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Body paragraphs
• Essay revision
• Essay writing resources
• What is a report?
• Report structure
• Analysing issues for a report
• Business report
• What is a business report?
• Business report structure
• Inductive vs. deductive reports
• Other kinds of business communication
• Business report format and layout
• What is a lab report?
• Lab report structure
• Science lab report writing resources
• Psychology lab report writing resources
• Lab report body paragraphs
• Literature review
• What is a literature review?
• Writing a literature review
• Literature review structure
• Literature review writing resources
• Research proposal
• Writing a research proposal
• Research proposal structure

Other types

• Article critique
• Book review
• Annotated bibliography
• Reflective writing
• Oral presentation
• Thesis / dissertation
• Article / conference paper
• Shorter responses
• Computer skills
• Microsoft Word
• Basic formatting
• Images, tables, & figures
• Long documents
• Microsoft Excel
• Basic spreadsheets
• Navigating & printing spreadsheets
• Charts / graphs & formulas
• Microsoft PowerPoint
• Basic skills
• Advanced skills
• Distance study
• Getting started
• How to study
• Online study techniques
• Distance support
• Reading & writing
• Reading strategies
• Writing strategies
• Grammar resources
• Listening & speaking
• Listening strategies
• Speaking strategies
• Maths & statistics
• Trigonometry
• Finance formulas
• Postgraduate study
• Intro to postgrad study
• Planning postgrad study
• Postgrad resources
• Postgrad assignment types
• Referencing
• Intro to referencing
• What is referencing?
• Why reference?
• Common knowledge
• Referencing styles
• What type of source is this?
• Reference list vs. bibliography
• Referencing software
• Quoting & paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing & summarising
• Paraphrasing techniques
• APA Interactive

In-text citation

Reference list

• Online material
• Other material
• Headings in APA
• Tables and Figures
• Referencing elements
• 5th vs. 6th edition
• 6th vs. 7th edition
• Chicago style
• Chicago Interactive
• About notes system
• Notes referencing elements
• Quoting and paraphrasing
• Author-date system
• MLA Interactive
• Abbreviations
• List of works cited
• Captions for images
• 8th vs 9th edition
• Oxford style
• Other styles
• Harvard style
• Vancouver style
• Legal citations
• Visual material
• Sample assignments
• Sample essay 1
• Sample essay 2
• Sample annotated bibliography
• Sample book review
• Study skills
• Time management
• Intro to time management
• Procrastination & perfectionism
• Goals & motivation
• Time management for internal students
• Time management for distance students
• Memory skills
• Principles of good memory
• Memory strategies
• Note-taking
• Note-taking methods
• Note-taking in lectures
• Note-taking while reading
• Digital note-taking
• Reading styles
• In-depth reading
• Reading comprehension
• Reading academic material
• Reading a journal article
• Reading an academic book
• Critical thinking
• What is critical thinking?
• Constructing an argument
• Critical reading
• Logical fallacies
• Tests & exams
• Exam & test study
• Planning exam study
• Gathering & sorting information
• Reviewing past exams
• Phases of revision
• Last-minute study strategies
• Question types
• Short answer
• Multi-choice
• Problem / computational
• Case-study / scenario
• Open book exam
• Open web exam or test
• Take home test
• In the exam
• Online exam
• Physical exam

APA Interactive (7th ed.)

The tool will not work without CSS and JavaScript.

It appears that your browser does not support APA Interactive. Ensure that JavaScript is enabled on your browser. You may need to update to a later version of Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, or Opera.

Select a type of source below to view customised interactive examples of how to format APA Style references and in-text citations.

Edited book chapter

Journal article

• Newspaper article

• Magazine article

Study material

If you are new to referencing, we suggest you read introduction to referencing and APA style before making use of this tool.

More information

Example reference list entry:

Smith, J. D. Smith, J. D., & Khan, V. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., & Zhang, H. Smith, J. D., Khan, V., Zhang, H., Williams, T., Garcia, J., Sato, Y., Thompson, D., Taylor, F. G., McDonald, L., Laine, C., Arnott, A., Fisher, V., Derryck, W., Young, N., Creswell, I., Greene, P., Walsh, Dubois, T., Wright, B., … Roach, C. Ministry of Education. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Trends in discourse analysis. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Research awards draw industry attention. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). (2022). (n.d.). (2009, January 12). (2022, January 12). (2022, January). (2022, Winter). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide. Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide (Rev. ed.). (2nd ed.). Rata Press. Trends in discourse analysis. In G. Schwartz & U. N. Owen (Eds.), Readings in qualitative research design (pp. 15–59). (Rev. ed., (2nd ed., pp. 15–59). Rata Press. Māori voices: Approaches to bilingual research. Journal of Academic Methodologies, 38 (3), 17–28. Kindergartens and childcare centres in New Zealand. Ministry of Education. http://www.example.com/thepage.htm Research awards draw industry attention. Albany Times , p. 22. Tertiary funding models in New Zealand. Tertiary Education Magazine, 21 (1), 21–24. National employment predictions and recommendations (Report No. 122). Rata Press. Rata Press. http://www.example.com/ Rata Press. https://doi.org/10.1000/182

• Source within a source

When paraphrasing, you put the source information into your own words and phrases.

A quotation is an exact copy of the wording used in an outside source.

When a source with two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited.

For works with three or more authors, the first author's name followed by "et al." is used for every citation.

Many academic books and journal articles quote earlier books or articles on the same topic. If you cannot access the original source (it is out of print, or unavailable through the library), you can cite the secondary source instead.

The author's name The authors' names The name The group's name A shortened version of the source's title is used in place of the author. It can appear outside the brackets, incorporated into the sentence:

According to Smith Smith and Khan Smith et al. the Ministry of Education Research Ethics “Trends” “Māori Voices” “Research Awards” “Tertiary Funding Models” National Employment "Kindergartens" (2022), (n.d.) “ the best source of … ” (p. 22) .

Or it they can appear inside the brackets:

… was the case ” (Smith, (Smith & Khan, (Smith et al., (Ministry of Education, ( Research Ethics, (“Trends,” (“Māori Voices,” (“Research Awards,” (“Tertiary Funding Models,” ( National Employment, ( "Kindergartens," 2022). n.d.). 2022, n.d., p. 22).

It is not compulsory to include page numbers when paraphrasing, but they can be included if you want to refer to a specific part of the source:

According to Smith Smith and Khan Smith et al. the Ministry of Education Research Ethics “Trends” “Māori Voices” "Kindergartens" “Research Awards” “Tertiary Funding Models” National Employment (2022, (n.d., p. 22) , …

When quoting, you must provide a page number if one is available. Because web pages often have no page numbers, you should either use the paragraph number (use "para." instead of "p.") or nothing at all.

If a multiple (3+) author citation abbreviated with et al. looks the same as another in-text citation similarly shortened, add enough surnames to make a distinction. E.g., (Smith, Khan, et al., 1998) to distinguish from (Smith, Khan, Zhang, et al., 1998).

Note that only the source you have viewed directly (the quoting source) should appear in the reference list. In the in-text citation both sources are mentioned, with the original source before the quoting source:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold ( as cited in Smith Smith & Khan, Smith et al., Ministry of Education, Research Ethics, “Trends,” “Māori Voices,” "Kindergartens," “Research Awards,” “Tertiary Funding Models,” National Employment, 2022) ) found …

Entries are listed in alphabetical order at the end of the assignment.

• Sample reference list
• Reference list format
• Referencing books Referencing chapters in edited books Referencing journal articles Referencing web pages Referencing newspaper articles Referencing magazine articles Referencing reports

In-text citations are used in the body of the assignment.

• In-text citations
• Paraphrasing and summarising

Secondary source

Your course coordinator or lecturer usually provides material that will have been created especially for the course. This can include study guides and lecture notes. APA does not prescribe a specific format for study guides, so they should usually be treated like books , online books , or chapters in an edited book. Generally, it is a good idea to check with your lecturer about how they would like course material referenced.

Outside material

Some of the material your course/coordinator/lecturer provides for you originates outside the course. Common types of sources include books , edited book chapters , journal articles , and reports .

This material should be referenced according to its original source type. For example, if the material is an article from a journal, reference it normally as a journal article .

If you are unsure what type of source it is see What type of source is this? or ask your lecturer.

Material from the lecturer (Study guides and lecture notes)

Check your assignment instructions regarding the use of study guides and lecture notes (or ask your lecturer for clarification).

In order to correctly reference material, you first need to identify the type of source: is it a book, a journal, or something else? Some other types of source are listed below.

If your source type isn't liked below, What type of source is this? has more on identifying source types.

Act of Parliament Audio recording Blog Brochure CD Conference poster session Conference proceedings Dictionary entry Dissertation Doctoral dissertation DVD E-book reader book Edited book Email Encyclopædia entry Fact sheet Figure Film Government department materials Grey literature

Illustration Image Interview Lecture Lecture notes --> Lecture notes --> Master's thesis Online discussion board Online forum Picture Press release Stream book Study guide Symposium proceedings Table Television broadcast Television episode Thesis Video White paper Wikipedia YouTube video

The person who wrote the book chapter article web page report .

The author's surname comes first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials. End with a full stop.

Do not include titles or academic achievement (e.g., Dr. or PhD).

Where is it?

On the cover of the book, or on the title page. At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents. At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents. Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page. As a byline at the start or end of the article. As a byline at the start or end of the report.

Two authors

The people who wrote the book chapter article web page report .

Both authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Put a comma and an ampersand (&) between the first and second author.

On the cover of the book, or on the title page. At the start of the chapter, near the title, or in the book's table of contents. At the start of the article, near the title, or in the journal's table of contents. Near the title, at the bottom of the web page (as part of a copyright notice), or on the website's About page. As a byline at the start or end of the article. On the report's title page.

Three to twenty authors

All authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Put a comma between each name. Put a comma and an ampersand (&) before the final author.

3 to 20 authors

Twenty-one or more authors

The first 19 authors are written surname first, followed by a comma and the initials. Use one space between initials.

Authors beyond the 19th are replaced with "…" (an ellipsis).

The final author's name is included after the ellipsis. There should be no more than 20 names.

21+ authors

Group or organisational author

A group or organisational author is used only when there is no individually named author available.

Government departments, corporations, universities, and charities are all examples of group authors.

Write out the group's name in full (don't abbreviate). End with a full stop.

In the same places as an individual author.

Group authors

Year of publication

The year that the book chapter article web page report was published or released.

Write in brackets, after the author(s). Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book. Look for the copyright (©) year. The year might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue. On the journal's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page. Use the copyright (©) year or Last Updated year, usually found at the bottom of the page. On the report's title page. The year may also be part of the header or footer of each page.

No year of publication

"n.d." (for “no date”) is used if no year is available.

If the date of the cited source (the original source) is unknown, it should be omitted from the in-text citation:

In a landmark study of childhood obesity, Arnold (as cited in Smith, 2022) found …

The name of the book

Write in full, in italics. End with a full stop.

Put a colon between the title and any subtitle, whether the original source uses it or not.

Use an uppercase letter for the first word of the title, the first word of any subtitle, and any proper nouns (the names of places, people, organisations, etc.).

On the cover, and on the title page.

City of publication (NZ)

The location of the book's report's publisher.

Put the city and country in full, separating them with a comma. End with a colon.

Note: the format can vary depending on whether the city is in the United States or elsewhere. See the Options panel to the left.

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book report .

Look for the publisher's physical address. Do not use the printer's address. If there are several cities listed, use the first.

The city might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

City of publication

City of publication (US)

Put the city and two-letter state abbreviation (e.g., CA for California), separating them with a comma. End with a colon.

City of publication (Other)

The name of the company that published the book report .

Note: If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher in the reference. E.g.,

Ministry of Education. (2009). Research ethics in New Zealand: A student guide.

Put the name of the publisher. End with a full stop.

Do not include legal terms (e.g., Inc. or Ltd.). Do not include the publisher location in the reference.

On the copyright page, inside the front cover of the book report . On the spine or cover of the book report .

The publisher might also be listed in the Massey Library catalogue.

Website Name

The host or source of the webpage, report or web document.

Note: When the author of the work is the same as the website source, omit the website name in the reference.

Write the website name in full (without italics). All words in the name should begin with uppercase letters except for words like "and," "of," and "the." End with a full stop.

Near the title, at the bottom of the webpage (as part of the copyright notice), or on the website's About page.

Chapter title

The name of the specific chapter of the book.

Write in full, without italics. End with a full stop.

At the start of the chapter (near the author's name) or in the book's table of contents.

Book title (edited book)

Write in full, in italics. The full stop comes after the chapter page range (in brackets).

The person(s) who compiled and prepared the chapters for publication.

Begin with "In" and end with "(Ed.)" or "(Eds.)" and a comma. Editor names are formatted like authors, but with initials preceding surnames.

If there is more than one editor, they follow the same rules as multiple authors (i.e., there should be commas between the names, and an "&" before the last editor's name).

On the cover of the book, or on the title page.

Chapter in an edited book

Chapter page range

The first and last page of the chapter being cited.

Write in brackets. Begin with "pp.", and put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop (outside the brackets). The book's edition number goes in the same brackets, before the page range. Put a comma between it and the page range.

The first page number of the chapter, usually containing the title and introduction.

The final page number of the chapter, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.

Article title (journal)

The name of the specific article in the journal.

At the start of the article (near the author's name) or in the journal issue's table of contents.

Journal title

The name of the journal.

Write in italics, end with a comma.

All words in the name should begin with an uppercase letter except minor words like "and," "in," and "the".

On the cover or title page of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page.

The title often (but not always) has words like "Journal" or "Studies" in it.

Journal titles can be found using Massey Library's catalogue search .

Volume number

The volume number refers to a set of issues. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a journal would include issues published in the 7th year of that journal's existence.

Write in italics. If there is also an issue number, put the opening bracket next. Do not put a space between the volume number and the bracket.

If there is no issue number, end with a comma.

If there is no issue number and no page range, end with a full stop instead.

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the journal title.

No volume number .

Issue number

Each issue of a journal is allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a journal would be the 3rd issue published that year.

Write in brackets. End with a comma (outside the brackets).

If there is no page range, end with a full stop instead.

If the journal's page numbering stretches over the course of the year instead of beginning at 1 each issue, do not include the issue number.

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often on the top (header) or bottom (footer) of every page, after the volume number.

Article page range

The first and last page of the article being cited.

Put a dash ("–") between the first page number and the last page number. End with a full stop.

"pp." is not used before the article page range.

The first page number of the article, usually containing the title and introduction.

The final page number of the article, usually containing the end of the references or footnotes.

Web page title

The name or heading of the web page.

Write in full, in italics.

Use the heading of the web page.

If there is no heading, use whatever appears in the title bar of your browser (usually at the very top of the screen).

“Retrieved from”

This phrase comes before the URL address.

If the material is likely to change frequently (e.g., the source is a wiki), the date of retrieval can be included here as well: begin with "Retrieved". Put the month (written as a word) and the day, then a comma and the year. End with a comma and "from"

URL address

The location of the web page / web document.

Write in full. Do not end with a full stop.

Copy from the address bar of your web browser.

The URL address usually begins with "http://" or "https://"

Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.

Online books and book with DOIs

Online journal article

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

The Digital Object Identifier is a unique number allocated to an online publication. It is often used to identify online journal articles and other online documents.

When to include a DOI

Include DOIs for all sources where a DOI is available even if the source wasn’t accessed online.

Write https://doi.org/ and then the number in full, including any punctuation such as slashes or full stops. Do not end with a full stop.

If an online source has a DOI it will be identified with the copyright information.

The DOI may also be part of the online citation for the source.

Digital object identifier (DOI)

The DOI can be looked up via http://www.crossref.org/

Article title (newspaper)

The name of the specific article in the newspaper.

At the start of the article, in large text.

Newspaper title

The name of the newspaper.

Write in italics, end with a full stop.

On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead.

Page number

The page that the article appears on.

Begin with "p.", and end with a full stop.

If the newspaper has different sections, include the section as well (e.g., "B5").

If the article stretches over multiple pages, use "pp." and put a dash ("–") between the first and last number.

On the top (header) or bottom (footer) of the page.

Article title (magazine)

The name of the specific article in the magazine.

Magazine title

The name of the magazine.

Magazine volume number

The volume number refers to a set of magazines. It is usually related to the year of publication: volume 7 of a magazine would include issues published in the 7th year of that magazine's existence.

If there is no volume or issue number, just give the page range.

On the cover, copyright / title page, table of contents of the issue. Often near the date and magazine title.

Magazine issue number

Each issue of a magazine is often allocated a number. It usually indicates when in the year it was published: issue 3 of a magazine would be the 3rd issue published that year.

Magazine article page range

The final page number of the article.

Write in full. If the web page stands alone, put the title in italics. If it is part of a larger section (e.g., a blog post) do not put it in italics.

Revised edition

Indicates a newer version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.

Write "Rev. ed." in brackets. End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after "Rev. ed.". Put a comma between "Rev. ed." and the page range.

On the cover, copyright page, title page of the book.

Book (later edition)

Later edition

Indicates a later version of an existing book, usually correcting errors and introducing additional material.

In brackets, write the number of the edition (e.g., 2nd, 3rd), followed by "ed." End with a full stop outside the brackets. The chapter page range goes in the same brackets, after the edition number. Put a comma between the edition number and the page range.

Publication date (newspaper)

The date that the newspaper was published or released.

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month and day. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

On the front page of the newspaper, in the masthead. Near the article title or author information (byline).

Publication date (weekly)

The date that the magazine was published or released.

On the cover or title page of the magazine. Near the article title or author information (byline).

Year of publication , magazine article

Publication date (monthly)

The month that the magazine was published or released.

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Publication date (quarterly)

The month or season that the quarterly / seasonal magazine was published or released.

Write in brackets. Write the year, then a comma, then the month or season. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

Report title

The name of the report.

On the cover, the title page, and/or the copyright page.

Report identification number

Reports are often produced in series, and each report is assigned an identification number.

Write in brackets. Write the number descriptor (report number, contract number, monograph number, etc.), then the number itself. Put a full stop after the closing bracket.

If there is no identifying number, simply put the full stop after the report title.

On the cover, title page, or copyright page of the report.

Only the surname of the author is included in the in-text citation.

Only the surnames of the authors are included in the in-text citation.

Note that “and” is used if the authors are outside the brackets, but “&” is used if the authors are inside the brackets.

Only the first author's surname is included. All other authors are replaced with "et al."

Group author

The group author's name should be identical to the name used in the reference list.

A shortened version of the book title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.

Usually the first few words of the title are used – enough to uniquely identify the source.

Chapter / article title

A shortened version of the chapter article title appears in the in-text citation, inside quotation marks.

If the title is inside brackets, the comma comes before the closing quotation mark.

A shortened version of the report title appears in the in-text citation, in italics.

A shortened version of the web page title appears in the in-text citation.

If the title appears in italics in the reference list, it should appear in italics here. If it appears inside quotation marks, then it should appear inside quotation marks here.

The year of publication should be identical to the year used in the reference list.

It should always be in brackets. Months, days, and seasons are not included in the in-text citation, even if they appear with the year in the reference list.

Page number(s)

Page numbers always appear in brackets. Use the abbreviation "p." for a single page, and "pp." for a range of pages (e.g., p. 6 or pp. 6-7). If they are in the same brackets as the year, there should be a comma between the two.

If the source has no page numbers, use "para." (the paragraph number) instead, or use nothing here.

Page numbers

Quoted source

The source that you have not seen directly, but that has been quoted in another source. This source does not appear in the reference list.

If it appears in brackets, put a comma before "as cited in."

“as cited in”

This phrase indicates that you have only seen the first source quoted or cited within the second source.

It should be written in brackets.

Secondary source's author

This is the author of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.

Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation. End with a comma.

Secondary source's year of publication

This is the year of publication of the source that you have seen directly, the source that is quoting another source.

Write it the same as you would for a normal in-text citation.

First author's name and "et al."

When there are three or more authors, after the first time they have been cited only the first author's name is used, along with "et al." (a Latin phrase meaning “and others”).

If the author's name is in brackets, put a comma immediately after the full stop in "et al.".

EndNote fields

If you are using the EndNote programme, use the following EndNote type:

• Book section
• Journal article Electronic article

This is the set of fields to enter. If you are missing any of these fields (e.g., the author name or year), simply omit:

• Author (Note: Use a "First name Surname" or "Surname, First initial" format. For more than one author, enter each additional author's name on a new line using the Enter/Return key. Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter (Note: Insert a comma at the end of group/corporate authors in the Endnote library to ensure it is displayed correctly) Reporter
• URL (Leave blank if the ebook was accessed through the Massey Library. Use URL if freely available online. Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
• URL (Include a URL that is openly accessible or omit the online information altogether.)
• URL (Search for the homepage of the source rather than use a password protected ezproxy address, e.g., www.example.com/thepage.htm)
• Short Title (the first few words if the title is long)
• DOI (put the DOI in the URL, as the DOI field does not display for this reference type)
• Date (put the month, or the day and month)
• Report number
• Series Title

If the newspaper article is likely to change over time (e.g. a developing story that is likely to be updated) also include the following fields:

• Access Date (e.g., November 12)
• Access Year (e.g., 2020)

If the webpage is likely to change over time (e.g., a wiki page), also include the following fields:

• Access Year (e.g., 2015)
• Last Update Date

For information on and help with Endnote see:

• Endnote@Massey

Online source types

Many different types of source can be found online. "Web page" is only used as a last resort, if no other type is appropriate.

If your source is also a journal article, report, or other source type, choose that type instead. Specify that it was found online by selecting "Internet" as the medium.

For example, if your source is an online report PDF produced by a government department, choose "Report" as the type and "Internet" as the medium.

Page authorised by Director - Centre for Learner Success Last 21 July, 2023

• 0800 MASSEY | (+64 6 350 5701)
• [email protected]
• Online form