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Sudoku for Beginners: How to Improve Your Problem-Solving Skills

Are you a beginner when it comes to solving Sudoku puzzles? Do you find yourself frustrated and unsure of where to start? Fear not, as we have compiled a comprehensive guide on how to improve your problem-solving skills through Sudoku.

Understanding the Basics of Sudoku

Before we dive into the strategies and techniques, let’s first understand the basics of Sudoku. A Sudoku puzzle is a 9×9 grid that is divided into nine smaller 3×3 grids. The objective is to fill in each row, column, and smaller grid with numbers 1-9 without repeating any numbers.

Starting Strategies for Beginners

As a beginner, it can be overwhelming to look at an empty Sudoku grid. But don’t worry. There are simple starting strategies that can help you get started. First, look for any rows or columns that only have one missing number. Fill in that number and move on to the next row or column with only one missing number. Another strategy is looking for any smaller grids with only one missing number and filling in that number.

Advanced Strategies for Beginner/Intermediate Level

Once you’ve mastered the starting strategies, it’s time to move on to more advanced techniques. One technique is called “pencil marking.” This involves writing down all possible numbers in each empty square before making any moves. Then use logic and elimination techniques to cross off impossible numbers until you are left with the correct answer.

Another advanced technique is “hidden pairs.” Look for two squares within a row or column that only have two possible numbers left. If those two possible numbers exist in both squares, then those two squares must contain those specific numbers.

Benefits of Solving Sudoku Puzzles

Not only is solving Sudoku puzzles fun and challenging, but it also has many benefits for your brain health. It helps improve your problem-solving skills, enhances memory and concentration, and reduces the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

In conclusion, Sudoku is a great way to improve your problem-solving skills while also providing entertainment. With these starting and advanced strategies, you’ll be able to solve even the toughest Sudoku puzzles. So grab a pencil and paper and start sharpening those brain muscles.

This text was generated using a large language model, and select text has been reviewed and moderated for purposes such as readability.

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Java Programming: Solving Problems with Software

This course is part of multiple programs. Learn more

This course is part of multiple programs

Taught in English

Some content may not be translated

Instructors: Owen Astrachan +3 more

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(7,789 reviews)

Skills you'll gain

• Problem Solving
• String (Computer Science)
• Java Programming

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There are 5 modules in this course

Learn to code in Java and improve your programming and problem-solving skills. You will learn to design algorithms as well as develop and debug programs. Using custom open-source classes, you will write programs that access and transform images, websites, and other types of data. At the end of the course you will build a program that determines the popularity of different baby names in the US over time by analyzing comma separated value (CSV) files.

After completing this course you will be able to: 1. Edit, compile, and run a Java program; 2. Use conditionals and loops in a Java program; 3. Use Java API documentation in writing programs. 4. Debug a Java program using the scientific method; 5. Write a Java method to solve a specific problem; 6. Develop a set of test cases as part of developing a program; 7. Create a class with multiple methods that work together to solve a problem; and 8. Use divide-and-conquer design techniques for a program that uses multiple methods.

Introduction to the Course

Welcome to “Java Programming: Solving Problems with Software”! We are excited that you are starting our course to learn how to write programs in Java, one of the most popular programming languages in the world. In this introductory module, you will get to meet the instructor team from Duke University and have an overview of the course. Have fun!

What's included

5 videos 1 reading

5 videos • Total 12 minutes

• Introduction to the Course • 2 minutes • Preview module
• Resources to Help You Succeed • 1 minute
• Tips for Learning Programming • 1 minute
• Using Forums: How to Ask for Help Effectively • 3 minutes
• Object Oriented Programming with Java Specialization • 2 minutes

1 reading • Total 10 minutes

• Programming Resources • 10 minutes

Fundamental Java Syntax and Semantics

In this module, you will learn to write and run your first Java programs, including one program that prints “Hello!” in various countries’ languages and another where you will analyze the perimeters and other information of shapes. To accomplish these tasks, you will learn the basics of Java syntax and how to design stepwise solutions with programs. By the end of this module, you will be able to: (1) Download and run BlueJ, the Java programming environment for this course; (2) Access the documentation for the Java libraries specially designed for this course; (3) Edit, compile, and run a Java program; (4) Construct methods, variables, if else statements, and for each loops in Java; and (5) Use Iterables (like DirectoryResource) to run a program that iterates over multiples lines in a document or webpage or multiple files in a directory.

17 videos 8 readings 5 quizzes

17 videos • Total 76 minutes

• Why Use Java? • 1 minute • Preview module
• Using BlueJ to Program in Java • 6 minutes
• Shapes: Collections of Points • 2 minutes
• Why Semantics: Motivation to Read Code • 1 minute
• Variables • 2 minutes
• Mathematical Operators • 2 minutes
• Functions • 4 minutes
• Conditionals • 3 minutes
• Classes • 4 minutes
• New • 4 minutes
• Methods • 5 minutes
• Types • 5 minutes
• For Each Loops • 7 minutes
• Solving Programming: A Seven Step Approach • 6 minutes
• Seven Steps in Action: Developing an Algorithm • 7 minutes
• Seven Steps in Action: Testing the Algorithm • 4 minutes
• Seven Steps in Action: Translating to Code • 5 minutes

8 readings • Total 201 minutes

• Module Learning Outcomes • 10 minutes
• Download BlueJ and Open Your First BlueJ Project • 10 minutes
• Let's learn some basic Java syntax! • 1 minute
• A Brief Note on Documentation • 10 minutes
• Perimeter Assignment Introduction/Code Review • 45 minutes
• Perimeter Assignment: Part One • 50 minutes
• Perimeter Assignment: Part Two • 30 minutes
• Perimeter Assignment: Part Three • 45 minutes

5 quizzes • Total 95 minutes

• Calculating the Perimeter of a Shape • 30 minutes
• Getting Started with BlueJ • 10 minutes
• Variables and Mathematical Operators • 10 minutes
• Functions and Conditionals • 15 minutes
• Classes, Types, and For Each Loops • 30 minutes

Strings in Java

This module begins with a short presentation from Raluca Gordân, an assistant professor in Duke University’s Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, about an important problem genomics scientists encounter regularly: how to identify genes in a strand of DNA. To tackle this problem, you will need to understand strings: series of characters such as letters, digits, punctuation, etc. After learning about Java methods that work with strings, you will be able to find genes within a DNA string as well as tackle other string related problems, such as finding all of the links in a web page. By the end of this module, you will be able to: (1) Use important methods for the Java String class; (2) Use conditionals, for loops, and while loops appropriately in a Java program; (3) Find patterns in the data represented by strings to help develop the algorithm for your program; (4) Understand the importance of designing programs that keep different data processing steps separate; (5) Use the StorageResource iterable for this course to store some data for further processing; and (6) Rely on Java documentation to better understand how to use different Java packages and classes.

21 videos 3 readings 6 quizzes 1 discussion prompt

21 videos • Total 121 minutes

• What is a String • 2 minutes • Preview module
• Understanding Strings • 3 minutes
• Developing an Algorithm • 5 minutes
• Positions in Strings • 8 minutes
• Translating into Code • 11 minutes
• Java Math • 8 minutes
• Introduction • 0 minutes
• Conceptual Understanding • 4 minutes
• While Loops • 9 minutes
• While Loop Syntax and Semantics • 3 minutes
• Coding While Loops • 6 minutes
• Three Stop Codons • 5 minutes
• Coding Three Stop Codons - Part I • 7 minutes
• Coding Three Stop Codons - Part II • 4 minutes
• Logical And / Or • 8 minutes
• Coding And / Or • 6 minutes
• Finding Multiple Genes • 5 minutes
• Translating to Code • 8 minutes
• Separation of Concerns • 5 minutes
• StorageResource Class • 3 minutes
• Coding StorageResource Class • 4 minutes

3 readings • Total 30 minutes

• Programming Exercise: Finding a Gene and Web Links • 10 minutes
• Programming Exercise: Finding Many Genes • 10 minutes
• Programming Exercise: Storing All Genes • 10 minutes

6 quizzes • Total 180 minutes

• Strings in Java • 30 minutes
• Finding a Gene in DNA • 30 minutes
• Finding All Genes in DNA • 30 minutes
• Debugging: Part 1 • 30 minutes
• Debugging: Part 2 • 30 minutes
• Using StorageResource • 30 minutes

1 discussion prompt • Total 10 minutes

• Debugging First Steps • 10 minutes

CSV Files and Basic Statistics in Java

A common format for storing tabular data (any data organized into columns and rows) is in comma separated values (CSV) files. In this module, you will learn how to analyze and manipulate data from multiple CSV data files using a powerful open-source software package: Apache Commons CSV. Using this library will empower you to solve problems that could prove too complex to solve with a spreadsheet. By the end of this module, you will be able to: (1) Use the open-source Apache Commons CSV package in your own Java programs; (2) Access data from one or many CSV files using Java; (3) Convert strings into numbers; (4) Understand how to use “null” in Java programs (when you want to represent “nothing”); (5) Devise an algorithm (and implement in Java) to answer questions about CSV data; and (6) Analyze CSV data across multiple CSV files (for example, find maximums, minimums, averages, and other simple statistical results).

14 videos 3 readings 3 quizzes

14 videos • Total 55 minutes

• CSV Data: Comma Separated Values • 2 minutes • Preview module
• Using CSV Libraries • 7 minutes
• Which Countries Export...? Developing an Algorithm • 4 minutes
• Which Countries Export...? Translating into Code • 5 minutes
• CSVExport: Summary • 0 minutes
• Hottest Day in a Year: Comma Separated Values • 2 minutes
• Converting Strings to Numbers • 4 minutes
• Maximum Temperature: Developing an Algorithm • 5 minutes
• Java for Nothing—null: When You Don't Have an Object • 4 minutes
• Maximum Temperature: Translating into Code • 4 minutes
• Maximum Temperature: Testing Code • 3 minutes
• Maximum Temperature from Multiple Datasets • 5 minutes
• Maximum Temperature Refactored • 4 minutes
• CSVMax: Summary • 0 minutes
• Programming Exercise: Parsing Export Data • 10 minutes
• Programming Exercise: Parsing Weather Data • 10 minutes

3 quizzes • Total 90 minutes

• CSV Files and Basic Statistics in Java • 30 minutes
• Which Countries Export...? • 30 minutes
• Weather Data • 30 minutes

MiniProject: Baby Names

This module wraps up the course with a mini project that ties together the different practices, skills, and libraries you have gained across the course! Using data on the popularity of different baby names in the United States from the past several decades, you will be able to compare different names’ popularity over time. While the data we have collected for this course is from the United States, we welcome you to share data from other countries in the course discussion forums. Good luck with the mini project!

9 videos 3 readings 2 quizzes

9 videos • Total 47 minutes

• Baby Names MiniProject: Overview • 4 minutes • Preview module
• Baby Names MiniProject: Data Overview • 6 minutes
• Baby Names MiniProject: Total Births • 7 minutes
• Batch Grayscale: Converting Many Files • 2 minutes
• Grayscale Algorithm: Seven Step Approach • 4 minutes
• Image Iterable in BlueJ: Grayscale • 5 minutes
• Batch Processing Grayscale • 3 minutes
• Saving Images with New Names • 11 minutes
• Batch Grayscale Summary: Converting Many Files • 1 minute
• MiniProject Exercise Guide • 10 minutes
• Extend Your Program • 10 minutes
• Programming Exercise: Batch Grayscale and Image Inversion • 10 minutes

2 quizzes • Total 60 minutes

• Baby Names • 30 minutes
• Batch Grayscale Images • 30 minutes

Duke University has about 13,000 undergraduate and graduate students and a world-class faculty helping to expand the frontiers of knowledge. The university has a strong commitment to applying knowledge in service to society, both near its North Carolina campus and around the world.

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7,789 reviews

Reviewed on Jul 28, 2021

The start is confusing and I don't feel that the structure of java programs is well explained. However, the course is overall very good and once you get past the basics, is very rewarding.

Reviewed on Feb 26, 2019

A basic practice approach for solving problems with a 7step formula for any kind of problem set, for any kind of programming language you use. A very basic approach to JAVA syntax and semantics.

Reviewed on May 19, 2019

Really practical course content with great tutorials. The programming assignments are fun and challenging and deal with real world data and problems which makes the course all the more useful!

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Frequently asked questions

Will i receive a transcript from duke university for completing this course.

No. Completion of a Coursera course does not earn you academic credit from Duke; therefore, Duke is not able to provide you with a university transcript. However, your electronic Certificate will be added to your Accomplishments page - from there, you can print your Certificate or add it to your LinkedIn profile.

When will I have access to the lectures and assignments?

Access to lectures and assignments depends on your type of enrollment. If you take a course in audit mode, you will be able to see most course materials for free. To access graded assignments and to earn a Certificate, you will need to purchase the Certificate experience, during or after your audit. If you don't see the audit option:

The course may not offer an audit option. You can try a Free Trial instead, or apply for Financial Aid.

The course may offer 'Full Course, No Certificate' instead. This option lets you see all course materials, submit required assessments, and get a final grade. This also means that you will not be able to purchase a Certificate experience.

What will I get if I subscribe to this Specialization?

When you enroll in the course, you get access to all of the courses in the Specialization, and you earn a certificate when you complete the work. Your electronic Certificate will be added to your Accomplishments page - from there, you can print your Certificate or add it to your LinkedIn profile. If you only want to read and view the course content, you can audit the course for free.

What is the refund policy?

If you subscribed, you get a 7-day free trial during which you can cancel at no penalty. After that, we don’t give refunds, but you can cancel your subscription at any time. See our full refund policy Opens in a new tab .

Is financial aid available?

Yes. In select learning programs, you can apply for financial aid or a scholarship if you can’t afford the enrollment fee. If fin aid or scholarship is available for your learning program selection, you’ll find a link to apply on the description page.

More questions

Java Interview Questions and Programming Examples

This article have been designed to get you prepared with the questions you may encounter during a technical interview for the subject of Java Programming Language. Typical jobs descriptions requiring Java skills are Java Backend programmer and Java Fullstack programmer.

As per my experience, most of the questions are related to:

• the programming language particularities (syntax, core API)
• problem solving (algorithms, data structures)
• application design / architecture (design patterns, object oriented programming, best practices…). 

You'll find below a summary of these question categories and some examples. I hope this will help for your next tech interview!

Java language questions are mainly about classes, methods, objects, syntax and APIs.

Questions relating to the Java language check the developer’s ability to use functionalities that are well-known. Using the correct APIs and data structures determine the developer's level of experience in the practice of the Java programming language. This skill is particularly important for a developer who has to be quickly operational in a Java working environment. See below a list of the common questions which can be asked by technical recruiters:

• What is the purpose of the method public static void main in a Java program?
• What is the difference between System.out.println and System.err.println ?
• What is an interface in Java?
• When would you use an abstract class instead of an interface ?
• What are the differences between a public method and a protected one?
• What is a static variable?
• What is an Exception in Java?
• Is it a good practice to catch a RuntimeException ?
• What is the keyword to use in a method signature to allow non-catching of an exception in this method?
• What is the latest version of Java?
• What is the purpose of a garbage collector?
• What is the difference between a HashSet and a TreeSet ?
• Which Thread method is called when a thread starts?
• Is it possible to update a String object (without using introspection)?
• What is the contract between the methods equals and hashcode ?
• Who is James Gosling?

An example of very simple task consists in writing a method which takes a string str as parameter and returns true if it equals to "Hello World" , false otherwise.

Java Problem Solving Questions

This skill corresponds to the developer's ability to evaluate and resolve a problem by writing an efficient algorithm in Java. Any developers should be able to solve simple problems but advanced analytical skills and logical reasoning are essential when your are hiring Java R&D developers. Problem Solving exercises cover several topics like the graph theory, dynamic programming and the number theory. Most of the time problem solving questions require to write code or pseudo code directly in a code editor or, sometimes, in front of a white board. See below some questions:

• What are time and space complexity?
• What is the O-notation?
• What is the time complexity of binary search?
• Given a pointer to the head node of a linked list, reverse this linked list
• Give the name of 3 sorting algorithms and explain their logic
• What is the difference between DFS and BFS?
• Implement a recursive and an iterative method to compute a given Fibonacci number

An example of a simple problem is:

From a given array of natural numbers, return the distance between the two closest numbers.

A basic solution consists in: for each number, compare it to all the other numbers. This solution takes a long time to process large data sets, its time complexity is O(n²) then this implementation can fail on big data sets. A more efficient solution consists in a two steps algorithm:

• sort the array using a built-in function like Arrays.sort() which has a time complexity of O(n log n).
• iterate through the sorted array and compare each number to the previous one to find the two closest.

See? This is much better!

Java Design Questions

Having a good understanding of the design patterns, OOP (object-oriented programming) and unit tests give an indication of the developer's ability to implement standard solutions to common problems. A developer with a good level of proficiency in this skill will contribute to increase the maintainability and the extensibility of applications. This skill is particularly important for senior Java developers who will have to work on the architecture of applications to design long-term solutions.

This is a simple question example:

A general rule of thumb is to prefer interface over implementation, it improves code maintenance, testability and code portability. Map getTable() is the expected answer.

Java Readability Questions

This metric focus on the developer’s ability to follow the Java guidelines and best practices. A high score means that the code is easily understandable by other programmers, easier to maintain and to debug. For example, private String Name; will impact the readability score because it does not respect the Java naming convention: Name should be written name .

Java Reliability Questions

Remember str.equals("Hello World") upper? What happens if str is null ? 🧐 This kind of error is like a mine silently waiting in a program.

Reliability refers to the developer's ability to achieve solutions that address specific cases like corner and edge cases. The higher this skill, the higher the developer anticipates possible errors and minimizes those to build robust programs.

About Programming tests

Coding tests are one of the most efficient ways to screen developers before hiring.

The CodinGame Java online tests assess candidates' skills. They are perfect for pre-employment screening for developers. Most of the coding interview tools focus only on the candidates' ability to write efficient algorithms but algorithms are a tiny part of software development, mastering them is one skill among several other important skills. CodinGame Assessment provides tests covering a wide scope of technical characteristics to evaluate candidates' ability to write good Java programs.

They provide a proven model for identifying and hiring proficient developers. Candidates code their way through real, practical problems that they could encounter in a company (such as finding a bug in a defective piece of code or properly synchronizing a multi-threaded application), enabling recruiters to measure their coding skills objectively and efficiently.

Tech recruiters to HR managers can set up coding tests using platforms like CodinGame, choosing to test applicants in one specific programming language or over multiple technologies (Java, Javascript, Python, React etc.).

Candidates’ code is automatically analyzed and recruiters are provided with performance metrics. Once completed, a test report is available to download and share to easily compare and shortlist candidates.

The Most Common Java Pitfalls

Java behavior driven development, kotlin basics, part 1, beginner java concepts.

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Solve a real-world problem using Java

Pixabay. CC0.

As I wrote in the first two articles in this series, I enjoy solving small problems by writing small programs in different languages, so I can compare the different ways they approach the solution. The example I'm using in this series is dividing bulk supplies into hampers of similar value to distribute to struggling neighbors in your community, which you can read about in the first article in this series.

In the first article, I solved this problem using the Groovy programming language , which is like Python in many ways, but syntactically it's more like C and Java. In the second article, I solved it in Python with a very similar design and effort, which demonstrates the resemblance between the languages.

Now I'll try it in Java .

The Java solution

When working in Java, I find myself declaring utility classes to hold tuples of data (the new record feature is going to be great for that), rather than using the language support for maps offered in Groovy and Python. This is because Java encourages creating maps that map one specific type to another specific type, but in Groovy or Python, it's cool to have a map with mixed-type keys and mixed-type values.

The first task is to define these utility classes, and the first is the Unit class:

There's nothing too startling here. I effectively created a class whose instances are immutable since there are no setters for fields item , brand , or price and they are declared private . As a general rule, I don't see value in creating a mutable data structure unless I'm going to mutate it; and in this application, I don't see any value in mutating the Unit class.

While more effort is required to create these utility classes, creating them encourages a bit more design effort than just using a map, which can be a good thing. In this case, I realized that a bulk package is composed of a number of individual units, so I created the Pack class:

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Similar to the Unit class, the Pack class is immutable. A couple of things worth mentioning here:

• I could have passed a Unit instance into the Pack constructor. I chose not to because the bundled, physical nature of a bulk package encouraged me to think of the "unit-ness" as an internal thing not visible from the outside but that requires unpacking to expose the units. Is this an important decision in this case? Probably not, but to me, at least, it's always good to think through this kind of consideration.
• Which leads to the unpack() method. The Pack class creates the list of Unit instances only when you call this method—that is, the class is lazy . As a general design principle, I've found it's worthwhile to decide whether a class' behavior should be eager or lazy, and when it doesn't seem to matter, I go with lazy. Is this an important decision in this case? Maybe—this lazy design enables a new list of Unit instances to be generated on every call of unpack() , which could prove to be a good thing down the road. In any case, getting in the habit of always thinking about eager vs. lazy behavior is a good habit.

The sharp-eyed reader will note that, unlike in the Groovy and Python examples where I was mostly focused on compact code and spent way less time thinking about design decisions, here, I separated the definition of a Pack from the number of Pack instances purchased. Again, from a design perspective, this seemed like a good idea as the Pack is conceptually quite independent of the number of Pack instances acquired.

Given this, I need one more utility class: the Bought class:

• I decided to pass a Pack into the constructor. Why? Because to my way of thinking, the physical structure of the purchased bulk packages is external, not internal, as in the case of the individual bulk packages. Once again, it may not be important in this application, but I believe it's always good to think about these things. If nothing else, note that I am not married to symmetry!
• Once again the unpack() method demonstrates the lazy design principle. This goes to more effort to generate a list of Unit instances (rather than a list of lists of Unit instances, which would be easier but require flattening further out in the code).

OK! Time to move on and solve the problem. First, declare the purchased packs:

This is pretty nice from a readability perspective: there is one pack of Best Family Rice containing 10 units that cost 5,650 (using those crazy monetary units, like in the other examples). It's straightforward to see that in addition to the one bulk pack of 10 bags of rice, the organization acquired 10 bulk packs of one bag each of spaghetti. The utility classes are doing some work under the covers, but that's not important at this point because of the great design job!

Note the var keyword is used here; it's one of the nice features in recent versions of Java that help make the language a bit less verbose (the principle is called DRY —don't repeat yourself) by letting the compiler infer the variable's data type from the right-side expression's type. This looks kind of similar to the Groovy def keyword, but since Groovy by default is dynamically typed and Java is statically typed, the typing information inferred in Java by var persists throughout the lifetime of that variable.

Finally, it's worth mentioning that packs here is an array and not a List instance. If you were reading this data from a separate file, you would probably prefer to create it as a list.

Next, unpack the bulk packages. Because the unpacking of Pack instances is delegated into lists of Unit instances, you can use that like this:

This uses some of the nice functional programming features introduced in later Java versions. Convert the array packs declared previously to a Java stream, use flatmap() with a lambda to flatten the sublists of units generated by the unpack() method of the Bought class, and collect the resulting stream elements back into a list.

As in the Groovy and Java solutions, the final step is repacking the units into the hampers for distribution. Here's the code—it's not much wordier than the Groovy version (tiresome semicolons aside) nor really all that different:

Some clarification, with numbers in brackets in the comments above (e.g., [1] ) corresponding to the clarifications below:

• 1. Set up the ideal and maximum values to be loaded into any given hamper, initialize Java's random number generator and the hamper number.
• 2.1 Increment the hamper number, get a new empty hamper (a list of Unit instances), and set its value to 0.
• 2.2.1 Get a random number between zero and the number of remaining units minus 1.
• 2.2.2 Assume you can't find more units to add.
• 2.2.3.1 Figure out which unit to look at.
• 2.2.3.2 Add this unit to the hamper if there are only a few left or if the value of the hamper isn't too high once the unit is added and that unit isn't already in the hamper.
• 2.2.3.3 Add the unit to the hamper, increment the hamper value by the unit price, and remove the unit from the available units list.
• 2.2.3.4 As long as there are units left, you can add more, so break out of this loop to keep looking.
• 2.2.4 On exit from this for {} loop, if you inspected every remaining unit and could not find one to add to the hamper, the hamper is complete; otherwise, you found one and can continue looking for more.
• 2.3 Print out the contents of the hamper.
• 2.4 Print out the remaining units info.

When you run this code, the output looks quite similar to the output from the Groovy and Python programs:

The last hamper is abbreviated in contents and value.

Closing thoughts

The similarities in the "working code" with the Groovy original are obvious—the close relationship between Groovy and Java is evident. Groovy and Java diverged in a few ways in things that were added to Java after Groovy was released, such as the var vs. def keywords and the superficial similarities and differences between Groovy closures and Java lambdas. Moreover, the whole Java streams framework adds a great deal of power and expressiveness to the Java platform (full disclosure, in case it's not obvious—I am but a babe in the Java streams woods).

Java's intent to use maps for mapping instances of a single type to instances of another single type pushes you to use utility classes, or tuples, instead of the more inherently flexible intents in Groovy maps (which are basically just Map<Object,Object> plus a lot of syntactic sugar to vanish the kinds of casting and instanceof hassles that you would create in Java) or in Python. The bonus from this is the opportunity to apply some real design effort to these utility classes, which pays off at least insofar as it instills good habits in the programmer.

Aside from the utility classes, there isn't a lot of additional ceremony nor boilerplate in the Java code compared to the Groovy code. Well, except that you need to add a bunch of imports and wrap the "working code" in a class definition, which might look like this:

The same fiddly bits are necessary in Java as they are in Groovy and Python when it comes to grabbing stuff out of the list of Unit instances for the hampers, involving random numbers, loops through remaining units, etc.

Another issue worth mentioning—this isn't a particularly efficient approach. Removing elements from ArrayLists , being careless about repeated expressions, and a few other things make this less suitable for a huge redistribution problem. I've been a bit more careful here to stick with integer data. But at least it's quite quick to execute.

Yes, I'm still using the dreaded while { … } and for { … } . I still haven't thought of a way to use map and reduce style stream processing in conjunction with a random selection of units for repackaging. Can you?

Stay tuned for the next articles in this series, with versions in Julia and Go .

Why I use Java

There are probably better languages than Java, depending on work requirements. But I haven't seen anything yet to pull me away.

Managing a non-profit organization's supply chain with Groovy

Let's use Groovy to solve a charity's distribution problem.

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• Java Programs - Java Programming Examples

Java Basic Programs

• How to Read and Print an Integer value in Java
• Ways to read input from console in Java
• Java Program to Multiply two Floating-Point Numbers
• Java Program to Swap Two Numbers
• Java Program to Add Two Binary Strings
• Java Program to Add two Complex Numbers
• Java Program to Check if a Given Integer is Odd or Even
• Java Program to Find the Largest of three Numbers
• Java Program to Find LCM of Two Numbers
• Java Program to Find GCD or HCF of Two Numbers
• Java Program to Display All Prime Numbers from 1 to N
• Java Program to Find if a Given Year is a Leap Year
• Java Program to Check Armstrong Number between Two Integers
• Java Program to Check If a Number is Neon Number or Not
• Java Program to Check Whether the Character is Vowel or Consonant
• Java Program for factorial of a number
• Java Program to Find Sum of Fibonacci Series Numbers of First N Even Indexes
• Java Program to Calculate Simple Interest
• Java Program for compound interest
• Java Program to Find the Perimeter of a Rectangle

Java Pattern Programs

• Java Program to Print Right Triangle Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Left Triangle Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Pyramid Number Pattern
• Java Program to Print Reverse Pyramid Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Upper Star Triangle Pattern
• Java Program to Print Mirror Upper Star Triangle Pattern
• Java Program to Print Downward Triangle Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Mirror Lower Star Triangle Pattern
• Java Program to Print Star Pascal’s Triangle
• Java Program to Print Diamond Shape Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Square Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Pyramid Star Pattern
• Java Program to Print Spiral Pattern of Numbers
• Java Program to Convert Binary to Octal
• Java Program to Convert Octal to Decimal
• Java Program For Decimal to Octal Conversion
• Java Program For Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
• Java Program For Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
• Java Program for Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Boolean toString() method in Java with examples
• Convert String to Double in Java
• Java Program to Convert Double to String
• Java Program to Convert String to Long
• Java Program to Convert Long to String
• Java Program For Int to Char Conversion

Java Conversion Programs

• Classes and Objects in Java
• Abstract Class in Java
• Singleton Method Design Pattern in Java
• Interfaces in Java
• Encapsulation in Java
• Inheritance in Java
• Abstraction in Java
• Difference Between Data Hiding and Abstraction in Java
• Polymorphism in Java
• Method Overloading in Java
• Overriding in Java
• Super Keyword in Java
• 'this' reference in Java

Java Classes and Object Programs

• Java main() Method - public static void main(String[] args)
• Difference between static and non-static method in Java
• HashTable forEach() method in Java with Examples
• StringBuilder toString() method in Java with Examples
• StringBuffer codePointAt() method in Java with Examples
• How compare() method works in Java
• Short equals() method in Java with Examples
• Difference Between next() and hasNext() Method in Java Collections
• What does start() function do in multithreading in Java?
• Difference between Thread.start() and Thread.run() in Java
• Java Program for Linear Search

Java Methods Programs

• Check if a value is present in an Array in Java
• Java Program to find largest element in an array
• Arrays.sort() in Java with examples
• Java Program to Sort the Array Elements in Descending Order
• Java Program to Sort the Elements of an Array in Ascending Order
• Remove duplicates from Sorted Array
• Java Program to Merge Two Arrays
• Java Program to Check if two Arrays are Equal or not

Java Searching Programs

• Array Copy in Java
• Java Program For Array Rotation

Java 1-D Array Programs

• Java Program to Add two Matrices
• Sorting a 2D Array according to values in any given column in Java
• Java Program to Find Transpose of Matrix
• Java Program to Find the Determinant of a Matrix
• Java Program to Find the Normal and Trace of a Matrix
• Java Program to Print Boundary Elements of the Matrix
• Java Program to Rotate Matrix Elements
• Java Program to Compute the Sum of Diagonals of a Matrix
• Java Program to Interchange Elements of First and Last in a Matrix Across Rows
• Java Program to Interchange Elements of First and Last in a Matrix Across Columns

Java 2-D Arrays (Matrix) Programs

• Reverse a string in Java
• Java Program to Reverse a String using Stack
• Sort a String in Java (2 different ways)
• Swapping Pairs of Characters in a String in Java
• Check if a given string is Pangram in Java
• Print first letter of each word in a string using regex
• Java Program to Determine the Unicode Code Point at Given Index in String
• Remove Leading Zeros From String in Java
• Compare two Strings in Java
• Compare two strings lexicographically in Java
• Java program to print Even length words in a String
• Insert a String into another String in Java

Java String Programs

• Initializing a List in Java
• How to Find a Sublist in a List in Java?
• Min and Max in a List in Java
• Split a List into Two Halves in Java
• How to remove a SubList from a List in Java
• How to Remove Duplicates from ArrayList in Java
• How to sort an ArrayList in Ascending Order in Java
• Get first and last elements from ArrayList in Java
• Convert a List of String to a comma separated String in Java
• How to Add Element at First and Last Position of LinkedList in Java?
• Find common elements in two ArrayLists in Java
• Remove repeated elements from ArrayList in Java

Java List Programs

• Java Program to Display Current Date and Time
• Java Program to Display Time in Different Country Format
• How to Convert Local Time to GMT in Java?
• Java Program to Create a New File
• Java Program to Create a Temporary File
• Java Program to Rename a File
• Java Program to Make a File Read-Only
• Comparing Path of Two Files in Java
• Different Ways to Copy Content From One File to Another File in Java
• Java Program to Print all the Strings that Match a Given Pattern from a File
• Java Program to Append a String in an Existing File

Java Date and Time Programs

• Java Program to Traverse in a Directory
• Java Program to Get the Size of a Directory
• Java Program to Delete a directory

Java File Programs

• Java Program to Find Current Working Directory
• Java Program to List all Files in a Directory and Nested Sub-Directories
• Exceptions in Java
• Types of Errors in Java with Examples
• Java Program to Handle the Exception Hierarchies
• Java Program to Handle the Exception Methods
• Java Program to Handle Checked Exception
• Java Program to Handle Unchecked Exception

Java Directory Programs

• Thread Interference and Memory Consistency Errors in Java
• Collections in Java
• How to Print a Collection in Java?
• Java Program to Compare Elements in a Collection
• Java Program to Get the Size of Collection and Verify that Collection is Empty

Java Exceptions and Errors Programs

• Java Program to Change a Collection to an Array
• Convert an Array into Collection in Java
• How to Replace a Element in Java ArrayList?
• Java Program to Rotate Elements of the List
• How to iterate any Map in Java
• Thread isAlive() Method in Java With Examples
• How to Temporarily Stop a Thread in Java?

Java Collections Programs

• Program to Print Fibonacci Series in Java
• How to convert LinkedList to Array in Java?
• Program to Convert a Vector to List in Java
• Convert a String to a List of Characters in Java
• Convert an Iterator to a List in Java
• Program to Convert List to Map in Java
• Program to Convert List to Stream in Java
• Convert List to Set in Java
• Java Program to Convert InputStream to String
• Convert Set of String to Array of String in Java

Java Multithreading Programs

Java More Java Programs

Java Programs – Java Programming Examples

Welcome to a collection of Java Programs and Examples! In this article, you’ll find a variety of programming questions categorized as basic programs, control statements, arrays , strings , oops , and much more that are frequently asked in interviews and exams.

Each Java program will give you a different approach to solving a particular problem in Java. If you are new to Java programming, we highly recommend you to go through our article on Java tutorial , where we’ve covered all the basics and advanced topics of Java programming with practical examples and programs.

Java Topics:

• Basic Programs
• Pattern Printing Programs
• Conversion Programs
• Class and Object Programs
• Method Programs
• Searching Programs
• 1-D Array Programs
• 2-D Array Programs
• String Programs
• List Programs
• Date and Time Programs
• File Programs
• Directory Programs
• Exceptions and Errors Programs
• Collections Programs
• Multithreading Programs
• More Java Programs

• Java Program to Read The Number From Standard Input
• Java Program to Get Input from the User
• Java Program to Multiply Two Floating-Point Numbers
• Java Program to Add Two Complex numbers
• Java Program to Check Even or Odd Integers
• Java Program to Find Largest Among 3 Numbers
• Java Program to Find LCM of 2 numbers
• Java Program to Find GCD or HCF of 2 numbers
• Java Program to Check Leap Year
• Java Program to Check whether the input number is a Neon Number
• Java Program to Check whether input character is vowel or consonant
• Java Program to Find Factorial of a number
• Java Program to Find Even Sum of Fibonacci Series Till number N
• Java Program to Calculate Compound Interest
• Java Program to Print Star Pascal’s Triangle
• Java Program to Print Diamond Star Pattern
• Java Program For Binary to Octal Conversion
• Java Program For Octal to Decimal Conversion
• Java Program For Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Java Program For Binary to Decimal Conversion
• Java Program For Boolean to String Conversion
• Java Program For String to Double Conversion
• Java Program For Double to String Conversion
• Java Program For String to Long Conversion
• Java Program For Long to String Conversion
• Java Program For Char to Int Conversion
• Java Program to Create a Class and Object
• Java Program to Create Abstract Class
• Java Program to Create Singleton Class
• Java Program to Create an Interface
• Java Program to Show Encapsulation in Class
• Java Program to Show Inheritance in Class
• Java Program to Show Abstraction in Class
• Java Program to Show Data Hiding in Class
• Java Program to Show Polymorphism in Class
• Java Program to Show Overloading of Methods in Class
• Java Program to Show Overriding of Methods in Classes
• Java Program to Show Use of Super Keyword in Class
• Java Program to Show Use of This Keyword in Class
• Java Program to Show Usage of Static keyword in Class
• Java Program to Show Usage of Access Modifier
• Java Program to Show Usage of Main() method
• Java Program to Show Use of Static and Non-static Methods
• Java Program to Show Usage of forEach() Method
• Java Program to Show Usage of toString() Method
• Java Program to Show Usage of codePointAt() Method
• Java Program to Show Usage of compare() Method
• Java Program to Show Usage of equals() Method
• Java Program to Show Usage of hasNext() and next() Method
• start() Method
• run() Method
• Java Program For Linear Search
• Java Program For Binary Search
• Java Program to Recursively Linearly Search an Element in an Array
• Java Program to Search an Element in an Array
• Java Program to Find the Largest Element in an Array
• Java Program to Sort an Array
• Java Program to Sort the Elements of an Array in Descending Order
• Java Program to Remove Duplicate Elements From an Array
• Java Program to Check if Two Arrays Are Equal or Not
• Java Program to Remove All Occurrences of an Element in an Array
• Java Program to Find Common Array Elements
• Java Program to Copy All the Elements of One Array to Another Array
• Java Program to Print a 2D Array
• Java Program to Add Two Matrices
• Java Program to Sort the 2D Array Across Columns
• Java Program to Check Whether Two Matrices Are Equal or Not
• Java Program to Find the Transpose
• Java Program to Find the Determinant
• Java Program to Find the Normal and Trace
• Java Program to Print Boundary Elements of a Matrix
• Java Program to Get a Character From the Given String
• Java Program to Replace a Character at a Specific Index
• Java Program to Reverse a String
• Java Program to Reverse a String Using Stacks
• Java Program to Sort a String
• Java Program to Swapping Pair of Characters
• Java Program to Check Whether the Given String is Pangram
• Java Program to Print first letter of each word using regex
• Java Program to Determine the Unicode Code Point at a given index
• Java Program to Remove leading zeros
• Java Program to Compare two strings
• Java Program to Compare two strings lexicographically
• Java Program to Print even length words
• Java Program to Insert a string into another string
• Java Program to Splitting into a number of sub-strings
• Java Program to Initializing a List
• Java Program to Find a Sublist in a List
• Java Program to Get Minimum and Maximum From a List
• Java Program to Split a list into Two Halves
• Java Program to Remove a Sublist from a List
• Java Program to Remove Duplicates from an Array List
• Java Program to Remove Null from a List container
• Java Program to Sort Array list in an Ascending Order
• Java Program to Get First and Last Elements from an Array List
• Java Program to Convert a List of String to Comma Separated String
• Java Program to Add Element at First and Last Position of a Linked list
• Java Program to Find Common Elements in Two ArrayList
• Java Program to Remove Repeated Element From An ArrayList
• Java Program to Format time in AM-PM format
• Java Program to Display Dates of Calendar Year in Different Format
• Java Program to Display current date and time
• Java Program to Display time in different country’s format
• Java Program to Convert the local Time to GMT
• Java Program to Create a new file
• Java Program to Create a temporary file
• Java Program to Write into a file
• Java Program to Rename a file in java
• Java Program to Compare Paths of Two files
• Java Program to Copy one file into another file
• Java Program to Print all the Pattern that Matches Given Pattern From a File
• Java Program to Read content from one file and writing it into another file
• Java Program to Read and printing all files from a zip file
• Java Program to Traverse in a directory
• Java Program to Get the size of a directory
• Java Program to Create directories recursively
• Java Program to Search for a file in a directory
• Java Program to Find the current working directory
• Java Program to Display all the directories in a directory
• Java Program to Show Runtime exceptions
• Java Program to Show Types of errors
• Java program to Handle the Checked exceptions
• Java Program to Handle the Unchecked Exceptions
• Java Program to Handle Divide By Zero and Multiple Exceptions
• Java Program to Show Unreachable Code Error
• Java Program to Show Thread interface and memory consistency errors
• Java Program to Use Different Types of a Collection
• Java Program to Print a Collection
• Java Program to Get the Size of the Collection
• Java Program to Shuffle the Elements of a Collection
• Java Program to Reverse a Collection
• Java Program to Convert Collection into Array
• Java Program to Convert Array into Collection
• Java Program to Replace Elements in a List
• Java Program to Rotate Elements of a List
• Java Program to Iterate through Elements of HashMap
• Java Program to Check the Thread Status
• Java Program to Suspend a Thread
• Java Program to Join Threads
• Java Program to Show Daemon Thread
• Java Program to Print Fibonacci Series in Different Ways
• Java Program to Convert Linked list to an Array
• Java Program to Convert Vector to a List
• Java Program to Convert String to a List of Characters
• Java Program to Convert Iterator to a List
• Java Program to Convert List to a Map
• Java Program to Convert List to a Stream
• Java Program to Convert List to Set
• Java Program to Convert Set of String to Array of String
• Java Program to Convert String to Object
• Java Program to Convert string value to byte value

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How to improve problem solving skills in java programming.

Most developers would agree that Java problem solving skills are one of the most important skills to have when it comes to programming. After all, what good is a developer who can’t solve problems? But even for the best Java developers, problem solving skills in Java programming can be a difficult task.

That’s why we’ve put together this list of 6 easy tips to improve problem solving skills in programming (Java).

What Do We Mean By Programming Problem Solving Skills?

Problem solving skills are the ability to identify and solve problems. When it comes to Java development, this means being able to find solutions to coding challenges, debugging errors, and working through difficult logic puzzles.

Java Problem Solving For Beginners (With An Example):

Let’s take a look at an example of how to use problem-solving skills in Java. Suppose you have a list of numbers, and you want to find the sum of the even numbers in that list. This is what your code might look like:

In this code, we are using a for loop to iterate through the list of numbers. We then use a conditional statement to determine if the integer passed to the conditional statement is even or not. If it is an even number, we add it to our sum variable.

Here’s how you would solve this problem without using any of the available tools in Java:

Use a for loop to iterate through each number in your list. Use modulus (%) and double-check your work to make sure that you know which numbers are even.

With a for loop, this might not look too difficult. But what happens when the problem gets more complex? What happens when you have a list of 100 or 1000 numbers instead of just 6? You would have to use nested for loops, and it could get very confusing.

Why Is Learning Problem Solving Skills In Java So Crucial?

While having adequate skills in problem-solving, Java developers can create ample amount of opportunities for themselves, like:

• They can meet the high demand for Java developers and command high salaries.
• They can ace software engineering, as problem solving is a critical skill for any software engineer.
• They can get support from the largest development communities in the world.

How To Improve Problem Solving Skills In Competitive Programming:

1. practice makes perfect with skills of problem solving.

The only way to get better at solving problems is by practicing. The more complex the situation, the more you will need to rely on your problem solving skills and ability to think outside the box. If you’re one of those developers that are always looking for a challenge, take online boot camps where companies post coding challenges and Java programmers compete against each other to find solutions as quickly as possible.

2. Use the Power of Google (or other dev tools)

There may be times when your code works perfectly fine but you still don’t know how it actually works. When you run into these times, don’t be afraid to use Google! There are times when a simple Google search is all you need to complete the task at hand.

3. Find a Friend for Code Reviews

If you have a colleague or friend who’s also passionate about Java development, find them and do code reviews together! Code reviews are an excellent learning experience for any developer. Not only will they help improve your skills of problem solving in Java, but they will also teach you new things that you might not know about the language.

4. Try Pair Programming

Pair programming is a great way to work through bugs and complex logic problems with another person. When coding in pairs, it becomes much easier to solve difficult problems since there are two brains working on it—and if one of those programmers knows how to solve the problem, the other one might just learn something new.

Read the Related Article – what is pair programming ?

5. Use Debuggers to Your Advantage

Debuggers are a developer’s best friend—they will save you time and headaches when it comes to debugging errors in code. If you don’t have any experience with Java debuggers, now would be a great time to try one out! Just knowing how to use a debugger can go a long way in helping you solve difficult problems.

6. Keep an Open Mind

When solving a problem, there will be some developers who try to use the “standard” way of doing things. For some problems, this might work perfectly fine—but when you’re trying to solve a difficult problem, sometimes it’s best not to follow convention and think outside the box!

Being able to solve problems is one of the essential web developer skills , but Java developers, in particular, need strong skills in problem-solving to succeed. If you’re looking for help with how to improve your problem solving abilities in Java, start by practicing more often and using the power of Google or other dev tools when needed. You can also find friends who are passionate about programming to do code reviews together—or if you want some hands-on experience try pair programming! Debuggers will save time and headaches as well, so make sure that you know how they work before tackling difficult problems on your own. The key is practice; give these tips a shot today and see what happens!

Ans- Skills of Problem solving in Java are the ability to identify and solve problems. This includes being able to understand the problem, come up with a solution, and then code that solution. Java developers need these skills to be successful because they often have to work on projects with tight deadlines and limited resources.

Ans- The best time to use Google is when a developer doesn’t know how to solve a problem that they’re facing. There’s almost always someone who has run into the same problem, so it’s important to know how to use Google to find other solutions.

Ans- Pair programming is a method of working on a task with another person. One developer codes while the other reviews, and together they work through the problem. It’s a great way to learn while you work, and it can be especially helpful for more difficult problems that require the knowledge of both developers.

Geekster is an online career accelerator to help engineers skill up for the best tech jobs and realize their true potential. We aim to democratize tech education without physical, geographical, or financial barriers. Our students can learn online from anywhere and get a well paying job with a leading tech company.

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good questions, thanks

Feel free to comment, ask questions if you have any doubt.