create a cover letter on word

• Software Tips and Tutorials
• HR Training Solutions
• Return On Investment

How to Write a Cover Letter Using Microsoft Word

If you ask three people for help when writing a cover letter, you will get three different pieces of advice. There used to be a standard letter format, but even that has changed over the past decade.

The best way to approach writing a cover letter is to keep it simple and don’t match everything to a template. You can start with a basic Word template, but add your own formatting and design.

Find a Starter Template

Microsoft Word has a large assortment of templates. You can see all of them by launching Word and then clicking on the File tab and New link on the left. In the search box enter the keywords “cover letter”. See Figure 1.

Again, you are just using the Word template to get started, not to follow exactly. For this example, I just went with the “Resume cover letter (chronological)” template. Once you choose your template, you can click on the Create button on the dialog box. See Figure 2.

Replace the Filler Text

Once you have the template saved on your computer, you can begin to customize the letter by removing the placeholder text in the document with your information. To customize the letter, you can choose to delete some pieces and add other fields that are important to you.

For example, you might want to add your website to the header at the top of the page and remove the physical address information. You will notice that as you click on any of the letters in the “Street Address, City, ST ZIP Code” text, that it all turns gray. That is because it is just a placeholder field which is supposed to make it easier for you to select and change or delete the information. See Figure 3.

Customize the Font

As you go along or all at once, you might want to change the font, size, and style. For most cover letters, you want to use the same font throughout. If you are in an industry that places a premium on individuality and creativity, then you can use one font change or styles (like bold or italic). Use any font and formatting variations sparingly, though.

Remember that some resumes and cover letters are sent in text only or through a text reader. Formatting won’t upload or translate well in those cases. Again, the idea of simplicity should be your focus because of the many ways that cover letters and resumes are uploaded and turned in to potential employers.

For this example, I changed the font to Helvetica. It is best to stick with san serif font that doesn’t have curly edges and is easy to read.

Adjust the Spacing and Address

The spacing, usually in the address, of most templates needs to be adjusted. The address should include the recipient’s name, title, company, and address, if those items are known. If the person is not known or if you are sending the cover letter without a specific job ad to reference, you may need to do a little research or make a few calls. If you absolutely cannot find a person or search committee’s information to include, at least include the company name and address. Do not use “To whom it may concern” or other outdated terminology. See Figure 4.

In Figure 4, I reduced the line spacing from 1.5 to 1.0 (single spacing) for the address. The button to remove before or after spacing on a line or to change the overall line spacing is on the Home tab in the Paragraph group. It is the bottom middle button in the group. See Figure 5.

After selecting the text, click on the button to choose 1.0 (single), 1.5 (one and a half), 2.0 (double), etc. line spacing. On the same button, you can choose to add or remove any before or after spacing that has been applied or that you want applied on the line or lines selected.

Write the Body Content

Writing the body of the letter may seem overwhelming. One tip that I really like is to visit a job hunting or career website that has resumes you can search.

• Look for the resumes of people who have been in the field for many years.
• Examine the keywords and industry terms that seem consistent across the resumes.
• Research the position and company for the cover letter that you are writing.
• Use the words or terminology that is in the job description or job ad that is relevant to your experience, skills, and education.
• Keep your body text to 2-3 short paragraphs. Your goal is to entice the reader to look at your resume. The length of the cover letter should not be more than one page in length.
• Start the resume with a direct sentence and avoid passive voice. If you were recommended to apply for a job or know someone at the company, mention that name in the first sentence or two.
• Share a relevant accomplishment or experience that makes you the right person for the job. Point out specific parts of your resume that are related to the position.
• Make sure to end the cover letter with how to contact you. You might include a statement like, “I welcome the opportunity to speak with you about how I can contribute.” Then, include your contact information.
• Use a closing like: Sincerely, Best, Regards, or Respectfully above your signature line.
• Spell check, proof read, and have someone else proofread. This cannot be emphasized enough. If you have one grammar or spelling error, your cover letter and resume are likely going to end up in the recycle bin.

Print, Save, and Upload the Cover Letter

Depending on the submission requirements, you may need to upload the cover letter along with your resume. Many of the common file formats are Word (.docx), text (.txt), Rich-Text (.rtf) and Adobe Acrobat (.pdf). You can save your Word document with any of those extensions. Go to the File tab and click on Export on the left and then on “Change File Type”. You will see many of the go-to file formats available there. See Figure 6.

The only file type not listed is the Acrobat (.pdf). Go just underneath the Export title at the top and click on the “Create PDF/XPS Document” link. That will take you to the Save As screen for saving as a PDF. See Figure 7.

To print the letter (and associated resume), use premium-grade stock paper, found online or at any office supply store. It is worth the investment in good paper if you are handing the cover letter to someone in person. If you get the chance to go in person to submit your paperwork, especially at a small or medium-sized company, take the time to do so. You might make a great impression and get a leg up on your competition!

How do I use one of the templates in Word to create a cover letter for a resume?

To use a cover letter or resume template in Word , open Microsoft Word. Click on New to create a new document. In the Search for online templates area, type in "cover letter" or "resume" and click the magnifying glass to search.

Look through your results (there are many options), and select the one which most accurately reflects the cover letter you hope to create.

Remember that you also have access to Hiration where you can create cover letters. You can find Hiration via the Career Services  link in the student portal.

• Career Services
• Technology (Help)
• Letters & Memos
• Last Updated Oct 02, 2021
• Answered By Kate Anderson, Librarian

FAQ Actions

• Share on Facebook

Comments (0)

Share this page

Land the job with cover letter templates

Show hiring managers why you're the perfect job candidate with professional, customizable cover letter templates. find the perfect cover letter template for any industry or career path..

Download free cover letter templates

Stand out from other job applicants with free, professional cover letter templates. Cover letters are a perfect complement to your resume and provide an effective opportunity to show your personality and enthusiasm for a position. Focus on writing a compelling cover letter and let a professionally designed template do the rest.

These free cover letter templates are perfect for any stage of your career, whether you're looking to land an internship or your dream job. If you're applying for a corporate position, you may want to opt for a simple cover letter template. There are a variety of other cover letter designs available, from basic cover letter templates to creative cover letter templates.

Each of these cover letter templates is customizable in Word , so you can add your own text, change design elements, and more. Print out your cover letter or download it for free to use for online job applications. Once you've customized the perfect cover letter, explore resume templates that will match your cover letter design, or download free business cards for your next networking event.

• All Products
• Windows 11 Editions
• Windows 10 Home Pro
• Microsoft Office 2021 Editions
• Microsoft Office
• Windows Server
• Microsoft Enterprise
• Windows Server 2022 Editions

We will send you an email to reset your password.

Search our store

How to make a cover letter on microsoft word.

Do you need to create a professional cover letter but don’t know how to use Microsoft Word? You’ve come to the right place! In this tutorial, we will show you how to make a cover letter on Microsoft Word in a few easy steps. We will give you the best tips and tricks to ensure that your cover letter stands out from the rest. We will also provide examples of successful cover letters to help you create your own. So, if you are ready to learn how to make a cover letter on Microsoft Word in English, keep reading to get started!

Creating a Cover Letter on Microsoft Word:

• Open Microsoft Word and start a new document.
• Create a header with your contact information.
• Write the date underneath the header.
• Include the recipient’s contact information.
• Write a salutation.
• Introduce yourself and explain why you are writing.
• Include a few sentences about your qualifications.
• Explain what you can do for the company.
• Close the letter with a closing statement.
• Sign your name underneath the closing.

Creating a Cover Letter in Microsoft Word

Writing a cover letter is one of the most important steps in the job application process. A cover letter on Microsoft Word can be an effective way to make a great first impression and stand out from other candidates. This article will provide step-by-step instructions on how to create a cover letter in Microsoft Word.

Before you begin writing your cover letter, it’s important to understand the purpose of a cover letter and what it should include. A cover letter is a one-page document that introduces you to a potential employer and provides a brief overview of your qualifications and experience. It should include information about yourself, your qualifications, your experience, and why you think you’re the best candidate for the position.

Once you have a clear understanding of what a cover letter should include, it’s time to begin writing. To create a cover letter in Microsoft Word, you’ll need to open a new document and insert a text box. This will give you a blank canvas to create your cover letter. You’ll also need to choose a font and font size. Once you’ve done this, it’s time to begin writing your cover letter.

Tips for Writing a Cover Letter

When writing a cover letter, it’s important to use clear, concise language that conveys your message effectively. It’s also important to be mindful of the tone you use in your writing. Your cover letter should be professional and should reflect your enthusiasm for the position you’re applying for.

It’s also important to tailor your cover letter to the position you’re applying for. Make sure to include information about your qualifications and experience that are relevant to the job. You should also make sure to address the cover letter to the hiring manager and include their name.

Finally, make sure to proofread your cover letter before submitting it. This will help ensure that there are no typos or grammatical errors.

Formatting Your Cover Letter

Once you’ve finished writing your cover letter, it’s time to format it. A well-formatted cover letter will make a positive impression on potential employers. To format your cover letter in Microsoft Word, you’ll need to add a header, which should include your name, contact information, and the date. You’ll also need to add a footer, which should include the name of the company you’re applying to.

You’ll also need to make sure that your cover letter is properly aligned. To do this, you’ll need to adjust the margins, line spacing, and font size. You should also make sure to add a professional-looking signature.

Saving and Sending Your Cover Letter

Once you’ve finished formatting your cover letter and adding a signature, it’s time to save and send it. To save your cover letter, you’ll need to choose a file format. The two most common file formats for cover letters are PDF and Word.

Once you’ve saved your cover letter, you’ll need to attach it to your job application. You can do this by simply attaching the file to an email or uploading it to the job application website.

Using Templates for Cover Letters

If you’re having trouble getting started on your cover letter, you may want to consider using a template. Microsoft Word offers a variety of templates that can help you create a professional-looking cover letter. You can customize these templates with your own information and adjust the formatting to make your cover letter stand out.

Creating a cover letter in Microsoft Word is a great way to make a positive first impression on potential employers. By following the steps outlined in this article, you can easily create a professional-looking cover letter that will help you stand out from other candidates.

Related Faq

Question 1: what is a cover letter.

A cover letter is a document sent with your resume that introduces you and your qualifications to a potential employer. It is a way to express interest in a job position, to highlight your relevant skills and qualifications, and to present your qualifications in an impressive way.

Question 2: What Should a Cover Letter Include?

A cover letter should include your contact information at the top, followed by the date, the name and contact information of the employer, and a salutation. The body of the letter should include a brief introduction, two or three paragraphs that explain why you are a good fit for the position, and a closing paragraph that requests an interview.

Question 3: How to Make a Cover Letter on Microsoft Word?

Making a cover letter on Microsoft Word is relatively easy. Begin by opening a new document and selecting a cover letter template from the available options. Enter your contact information in the appropriate fields, followed by the date and employer’s contact information. Then, add a salutation and begin writing your letter. Be sure to include an introduction, two or three paragraphs that explain why you are a good fit for the position, and a closing paragraph that requests an interview. Once you have finished writing the letter, review it for any errors and make necessary changes.

Question 4: What is the Proper Format for a Cover Letter?

The proper format for a cover letter includes your contact information at the top, followed by the date, the name and contact information of the employer, and a salutation. The body of the letter should include an introduction, two or three paragraphs that explain why you are a good fit for the position, and a closing paragraph that requests an interview.

Question 5: What Font Should I Use on My Cover Letter?

It is best to use a basic font such as Arial or Times New Roman in a size of 10 or 12 point. Using a simple font makes it easier to read, and will help to ensure that your cover letter is professional and easy to read.

Question 6: How to Save a Cover Letter on Microsoft Word?

Once you have finished writing and editing your cover letter on Microsoft Word, you can save it by clicking on the “File” tab and selecting “Save As.” Give your document a name and select a location to save it. Be sure to save it as a .doc or .docx file. If desired, you can also save it as a PDF file.

Creating a cover letter on Microsoft Word is a simple process that can help you make an excellent first impression. With the right tools and knowledge, you can make an effective cover letter that stands out from the competition. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can easily create a professional cover letter in no time. With a great cover letter, you can be sure that your application will be taken seriously, giving you a better chance of getting the job you want. Good luck!

How Can I See Who Visited My Sharepoint Site?

How Can I Delete A Sharepoint Site?

What Can You Use Sharepoint For?

Recent post.

Keep cover letters with your resume in Word

Job hunting electronically requires finesse. Keeping your cover letter with your resume , in a single document lessens the chance of losing that impressive letter, and it's easier for a potential employer to print. Here is one way to optimize your time and, maybe, impress a hiring manager.

Creating sections for a cover letter and resume

To keep your cover letter and your resume together, you can create them in the same document and use a separate section, with different information and formatting, for each.

Note:  You can use the same technique to create title pages, tables of contents, and other pages where you want different margins and headers and footers.

Insert a section break

Go to File > Options .

Select > Display .

Under Always show these formatting marks on the screen , select Paragraph marks .

Click or tap where you want to insert a section break for your cover letter.

Go to Layout (or Page layout for 2013), and select the down arrow next to Breaks .

Under Section Breaks , select Next Page .

Cover letter header

Cover letter footer

Resume header

Section break

Make the header and footer different from the previous section

Select the first page of the resume (not cover letter).

Go to Insert > Header .

Select Edit Header .

Click or tap anywhere in the header, and select Link to Previous to clear it.

Select Close Header and Footer .

Start your resume headers and footers on the second page of your resume

Select the second page of the resume .

Click or tap anywhere in the header, and select Different First Page .

Use different layouts for your cover letter and your resume

Set the layout for your cover letter, and then select the first page of your resume.

Under Apply to , select This point forward .

Make your layout changes and select OK .

Resume footer

About the author      Karen Hofferber is a Certified Professional Resume Writer and senior resume writer at ResumePower.com. Changing careers? See The Career Change Resume by Kim Isaacs and Karen Hofferber for help. You can contact Karen at ResumePower.com.

Need more help?

Want more options.

Explore subscription benefits, browse training courses, learn how to secure your device, and more.

Microsoft 365 subscription benefits

Microsoft 365 training

Microsoft security

Accessibility center

Communities help you ask and answer questions, give feedback, and hear from experts with rich knowledge.

Ask the Microsoft Community

Microsoft Tech Community

Windows Insiders

Microsoft 365 Insiders

Was this information helpful?

Thank you for your feedback.

How to Write a Cover Letter Using Microsoft Word

How to Write a Cover Letter

Important Disclosure: We are affiliates for some of the products and services referenced in this article, if you make a purchase, we may earn a commission at no extra cost to you. Learn more over here.

Microsoft Office Tutorials

Do cover letters get read by recruiters and hiring managers? 

Well, sometimes cover letters get read, and sometimes they don't, so should you send a cover letter with your job application?

I think that you should, especially if you're not 100% confident in your CV.

Let me explain; whilst it’s true that not all cover letters get read, a good cover letter can be the deciding factor in your application. When I was a corporate recruiter, I didn't really take the time to read the cover letter of someone who was obviously not a suitable fit for the role based on their CV. It would simply be a waste of time. Nor, would a cover letter make a lot of difference to my decision if I already knew I was going to shortlist the candidate based on their CV.

However, a cover letter could certainly influence my decision if I were undecided about the candidate.

So, in many cases, a well-written cover letter was the very thing that helped a candidate get shortlisted for a role. It can be so worth it to send a good cover letter with your job applications.

After all, wouldn't you want to give yourself the best possible chance of being successful in your job search?

Is It Time to Look For a New Job?

Get your cv professionally edited and make sure you get noticed, what makes a good cover letter.

There are a few important things that make a cover letter a 'good' cover letter:

1. It is addressed to the reader, using their correct name, correctly spelt (not ‘to whom it may concern’)

2. It gets to the point and grabs the reader’s attention immediately

3. It very quickly evidences how the applicant is well suited for the role

4. It gives insight as to why the person is interested in the company

In this video, I will show you exactly how to format and write a cover letter that will help you land job interviews.

More videos like this...

More articles like this....

How to Create a Compelling Cover Letter in Microsoft Word

Stand out from the competition with a cover letter that gets you noticed. Learn how to craft a compelling cover letter in Microsoft Word easily.

Every time you apply for a job, it's a good idea to include a cover letter. Deciding how to write each one is hard, but at least you don’t have to start from scratch with their design.

Microsoft Word offers templates and welcomes third-party designs to help you create compelling cover letters. Here’s how to use such options in Word and make the best first impression possible to potential employers.

Use Microsoft Word’s Cover Letter Templates

Formal letters don’t have to be bland. Go to File > More templates on Word, and type “cover letter” in the search box. You’ll find several stylish designs that add structure and color to your document.

What reflects you better, a subtle or sharp color scheme? If you’re considering a bold header for your professional details, learn how to design letterheads on Word , too. You can even add your portrait to your cover letter.

Microsoft Word’s built-in templates also include fields for you to fill in with your information and that of your potential employer. They guide you in these small ways, some even providing a sample for your letter’s main body. It’s a good idea to rephrase that, though, to fit each job application.

If you don’t like any of the options on Word’s desktop app, explore more Microsoft cover letter templates online and download your favorites from there.

Use Third-Party Templates in Microsoft Word

You can create cover letters for your dream job on platforms besides Microsoft. If you’d rather stick with it, you’ll even come across third-party templates specifically designed for you to download and customize on Word. Here are some examples.

1. ResumeLab

Explore over 50 cover letter templates, ranging from minimalist to eye-catching designs. Keep in mind that a few of them are meant to be created on ResumeLab. The rest you can bring onto Word by clicking their Download it free here link.

You’ll be redirected to websites like Good Resume and Resume Genius , which help you quickly download your documents. Then, all you have to do is open them in Microsoft Word.

You’ll also notice that some cover letters on ResumeLab are edited versions of Word’s built-in templates, but this just adds to your selection and gives you more ideas.

2. Template.net

This is a popular site for templates of all kinds, including cover letters. For some designs, you pay a small fee, but Template.net has an impressive range of free options, too. What’s more, the download process is very easy.

Just browse its collection, click on a design you like, and select the Word button under Download Free Template . In the next window, hit Free Download . If you’re not signed in already, you’ll be asked to as the final step.

Follow Best Practices for Cover Letters

Familiarize yourself with the dos and don’ts of writing a cover letter . Remember these guidelines when selecting and customizing a template or crafting a cover letter from scratch. They boil down to the following rules.

1. Research Potential Employers

Do your research before writing or designing your cover letter. Get to know each company and even the recruiter you’re addressing. It’s the same strategy as tailoring your resume for different job types .

2. Tailor Your Cover Letter

When showcasing your skills and interest in a position, use your research to tailor your letter so that it grabs the recruiter’s attention and impresses them. Be smart, enthusiastic, and concise with your words.

3. Use Your Blank Space Wisely

Aim to limit your cover letter to one page. Any more than that, and you risk losing the recruiter’s interest. Think about what you need to say, including important and relevant details not covered in your resume. Express these things as succinctly as possible.

4. Your Visuals Should Complement and Not Overwhelm the Letter

Add a bit of color and texture, going for a subtle effect. You could even use some small icons, as long as they’re tasteful and discreet. Whatever you choose, keep these visuals on the letter’s edges, and don’t let them dominate the text.

5. Master Word’s Features That Benefit Cover Letters

For example, you can create your cover letter more efficiently by setting the text’s boundaries from the get-go. To do this, go to Layout > Margins . From the same toolbar, you can adjust paragraph spacing and indentation.

Through Insert > Pictures , you can import an image of your signature and place it at the end of the letter. Your header and footer can be customized from here, too.

Even the Mailing toolbar might be of interest. It can help streamline the process of writing and sending letters, as well as keeping track of recipients.

Good Planning and Wording Make the Best Cover Letters

Between Microsoft and other providers, you have access to a wide selection of templates for simple but attractive cover letters that you can personalize on Word. The app itself is full of useful writing and editing tools.

With this leg up, designing a cover letter for every occasion is easier. Sound research and planning in terms of how to approach each application can help polish the letter even more.

• Search Search Please fill out this field.
• Career Planning
• Finding a Job
• Cover Letters

Free Cover Letter Templates for Microsoft Word

Alison Doyle is one of the nation’s foremost career experts.

• Microsoft Word Cover Letter Templates
• Access Letters From Your Computer

Access Templates Online

• Create a Customized Cover Letter

Tips for Writing an Interview-Winning Cover Letter

• More Free Templates

PhotoAttractive/Getty Images

A good cover letter can mean the difference between catching the hiring manager’s attention and languishing in job search limbo. But many job seekers find it hard to stare down that blank page. How do you summarize your most important qualifications in a way that makes it clear that you’re the best candidate for the job? Cover letter templates can help.

A cover letter template provides a "fill-in the-blank" format. You can use it to create your own letter to send with your resume when you apply for a job.

Using a template saves you a few steps and helps you structure your letter in a professional way.

Free Microsoft cover letter templates are available online from Microsoft Office Online, as a download for Microsoft Word users, or are available within your Word program.

Note that not all templates may work with all versions of Word, so check before you download. There will be a message next to the download button advising if there are restrictions.

Not a Microsoft user? Google Docs also has  free template samples  available for letters and resumes. Using any of these templates can help you to feel confident that you are properly writing and  formatting your cover letter .

Free Microsoft Word Cover Letter Templates

There are a variety of templates available for Microsoft Word. Template options include  general cover letters  and both job- and career-specific cover letter samples. For example, there are cover letter templates for professionals, temporary workers, and candidates who are sending in their resumes unsolicited.

Microsoft Word also offers a variety of different cover letter template designs, with resume templates to match. Note that if you choose one of these fancier template designs, you’ll want to choose a resume template to match.

Be consistent in your application materials, whether it’s matching your cover letter to your resume or choosing a font or format. That way, hiring managers can focus on your work experience—not your stylistic choices.

Access Cover Letters From Your Computer

Open Microsoft Word, then click on:

Then, search for online templates by typing your keywords (e.g., “cover letter”) in the field provided. You can also click on the "Resumes and Cover Letters" category to get more options. Review the available options and choose the design you like best.

If you don’t own a copy of Microsoft Office or a subscription to Microsoft 365, you can still access  cover letter templates . These templates are free and editable online.

Visit the  Microsoft Cover Letter Templates  website, browse the cover letter templates, then click on the title to preview the sample. You'll need to sign up for a free account to edit the document.

Once you find a template you like, click Edit In Browser, then follow the instructions to customize and save your cover letter. There are also sets, which include matching resumes and cover letters, available to use.

Use the Template to Create a Customized Cover Letter

Once you have downloaded or opened  a cover letter template file , type over the text in the file to create your own  personalized cover letter .

The template will include all the relevant information that you need to include in your document. Simply change the generic version to include your personal and professional information.

It's a good idea to include additional details about your qualifications and experience. Take the time to  match your qualifications to the job description . Include  keywords related to your skills and achievements.

To  customize your cover letter  further, look for a contact person at the company, ideally the hiring manager or HR contact, and address the letter to this person. If you have an employee contact at the company who is willing to refer you, be sure to mention them in the first paragraph of your cover letter. Employee referrals carry a lot of weight with hiring managers.

Double-check to make sure there is none of the template information left in your final saved version. Finally, carefully proofread for grammar and typographical errors before saving and sending your cover letter.

To avoid sending a blank template or the wrong version of your cover letter,  choose a file name  that’s easy to remember. It should always include your name and may also contain the name of the position for which you’re applying. 

Avoid version numbers and cutesy nicknames when choosing a file name for your resume.

• Send one.  Even when an employer does not directly ask for one, be sure  always to send a cover letter . The only time you don’t want to send one is when the job listing says not to.
• Review examples . Review cover letter examples and tips for how to write a cover letter , so yours makes the best impression.
• Customize each letter.  It might seem tedious, be it is important to  customize each cover letter  to fit the specific job you are applying for. It will make your letter stand out.
• Highlight relevant qualifications.  In your cover letter, address one or two skills or qualifications that you have that match the job description. Provide a specific example of a time you demonstrated each of these qualifications. These examples will make your cover letter different from your resume, which is important.
• Explain any potential issues.  You can use your cover letter to go into detail about something in your resume that needs explaining. For example, a cover letter is a good place to talk about a  career shift  or  explain an extended gap in employment .
• Carefully edit your letter.  Be sure to edit each cover letter before sending it thoroughly. Consider asking a friend or family member, or a  career counselor , to read over your cover letter.

More Templates for Resumes and Letters

Microsoft letter templates are available as a free download for Microsoft Word users or are available within your Word program, to use to create a variety of letters. There are letter templates for cover letters,  resignation letters ,  reference letters , thank you letters, interview letters, and a variety of business letters.

Additionally,  Microsoft resume templates  are available as a free download for Microsoft Word users to use to create a resume. Microsoft Word resume options include basic resumes, job-specific resumes, and career-specific resumes.

By clicking “Accept All Cookies”, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts.